Prostate-specific gene, PCGEM1, and the methods of using PCGEM1 to detect, treat, and prevent prostate cancer

ABSTRACT

A nucleic acid sequence that exhibits prostate-specific expression and over-expression in tumor cells is disclosed. The sequence and fragments thereof are useful for detecting, diagnosing, preventing, and treating prostate cancer and other prostate related diseases. The sequence is also useful for measuring hormone responsiveness of prostate cancer cells.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

The present application is based upon U.S. provisional application Ser. No. 60/126,469, filed Mar. 26, 1999, priority to which is claimed under 35 U.S.C. §119(e). The entire disclosure of U.S. provisional application Ser. No. 60/126,469 is expressly incorporated herein by reference.

GOVERNMENT INTEREST

The invention described herein may be manufactured, licensed, and used for governmental purposes without payment of royalties to us thereon.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to nucleic acids that are expressed in prostate tissue. More particularly, the present invention relates to the first of a family of novel, androgen-regulated, prostate-specific genes, PCGEM1, that is over-expressed in prostate cancer, and methods of using the PCGEM1 sequence and fragments thereof to measure the hormone responsiveness of prostate cancer cells and to detect, diagnose, prevent and treat prostate cancer and other prostate related diseases.

BACKGROUND

Prostate cancer is the most common solid tumor in American men (1). The wide spectrum of biologic behavior (2) exhibited by prostatic neoplasms poses a difficult problem in predicting the clinical course for the individual patient (3, 4). Public awareness of prostate specific antigen (PSA) screening efforts has led to an increased diagnosis of prostate cancer. The increased diagnosis and greater number of patients presenting with prostate cancer has resulted in wider use of radical prostatectomy for localized disease (5). Accompanying the rise in surgical intervention is the frustrating realization of the inability to predict organ-confined disease and clinical outcome for a given patient (5, 6). Traditional prognostic markers, such as grade, clinical stage, and pretreatment PSA have limited prognostic value for individual men. There is clearly a need to recognize and develop molecular and genetic biomarkers to improve prognostication and the management of patients with clinically localized prostate cancer. As with other common human neoplasia (7), the search for molecular and genetic biomarkers to better define the genesis and progression of prostate cancer is the key focus for cancer research investigations worldwide.

The new wave of research addressing molecular genetic alterations in prostate cancer is primarily due to increased awareness of this disease and the development of newer molecular technologies. The search for the precursor of prostatic adenocarcinoma has focused largely on the spectrum of microscopic changes referred to as “prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia” (PIN). Bostwick defines this spectrum as a histopathologic continuum that culminates in high grade PIN and early invasive cancer (8). The morphologic and molecular changes include the progressive disruption of the basal cell-layer, changes in the expression of differentiation markers of the prostatic secretory epithelial cells, nuclear and nucleolar abnormalities, increased cell proliferation, DNA content alterations, and chromosomal and allelic losses (8, 9). These molecular and genetic biomarkers, particularly their progressive gain or loss, can be followed to trace the etiology of prostate carcinogenesis. Foremost among these biomarkers would be the molecular and genetic markers associated with histological phenotypes in transition between normal prostatic epithelium and cancer. Most studies so far seem to agree that PIN and prostatic adenocarcinoma cells have a lot in common with each other. The invasive carcinoma more often reflects a magnification of some of the events already manifest in PIN.

Early detection of prostate cancer is possible today because of the widely propagated and recommended blood PSA test that provides a warning signal for prostate cancer if high levels of serum PSA are detected. However, when used alone, PSA is not sufficiently sensitive or specific to be considered an ideal tool for the early detection or staging of prostate cancer (10). Combining PSA levels with clinical staging and Gleason scores is more predictive of the pathological stage of localized prostate cancer (11). In addition, new molecular techniques are being used for improved molecular staging of prostate cancer (12, 13). For instance, reverse transcriptase—polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) can measure PSA of circulating prostate cells in blood and bone marrow of prostate cancer patients.

Despite new molecular techniques, however, as many as 25 percent of men with prostate cancer will have normal PSA levels—usually defined as those equal to or below 4 nanograms per milliliter of blood (14). In addition, more than 50 percent of the men with higher PSA levels are actually cancer free (14). Thus, PSA is not an ideal screening tool for prostate cancer. More reliable tumor-specific biomarkers are needed that can distinguish between normal and hyperplastic epithelium, and the preneoplastic and neoplastic stages of prostate cancer.

Identification and characterization of genetic alterations defining prostate cancer onset and progression is important in understanding the biology and clinical course of the disease. The currently available TNM staging system assigns the original primary tumor (T) to one of four stages (14). The first stage, T1, indicates that the tumor is microscopic and cannot be felt on rectal examination. T2 refers to tumors that are palpable but fully contained within the prostate gland. A T3 designation indicates the cancer has spread beyond the prostate into surrounding connective tissue or has invaded the neighboring seminal vesicles. T4 cancer has spread even further. The TNM staging system also assesses whether the cancer has metastasized to the pelvic lymph nodes (N) or beyond (M). Metastatic tumors result when cancer cells break away from the original tumor, circulate through the blood or lymph, and proliferate at distant sites in the body.

Recent studies of metastatic prostate cancer have shown a significant heterogeneity of allelic losses of different chromosome regions between multiple cancer foci (21-23). These studies have also documented that the metastatic lesion can arise from cancer foci other than dominant tumors (22). Therefore, it is critical to understand the molecular changes which define the prostate cancer metastasis especially when prostate cancer is increasingly detected in early stages (15-21).

Moreover, the multifocal nature of prostate cancer needs to be considered (22-23) when analyzing biomarkers that may have potential to predict tumor progression or metastasis. Approximately 50-60% of patients treated with radical prostatectomy for localized prostate carcinomas are found to have microscopic disease that is not organ confined, and a significant portion of these patients relapse (24). Utilizing biostatistical modeling of traditional and genetic biomarkers such as p53 and bcl-2, Bauer et al. (25-26) were able to identify patients at risk of cancer recurrence after surgery. Thus, there is clearly a need to develop biomarkers defining various stages of the prostate cancer progression.

Another significant aspect of prostate cancer is the key role that androgens play in the development of both the normal prostate and prostate cancer. Androgen ablation, also referred to as “hormonal therapy,” is a common treatment for prostate cancer, particularly in patients with metastatic disease (14). Hormonal therapy aims to inhibit the body from making androgens or to block the activity of androgen. One way to block androgen activity involves blocking the androgen receptor; however, that blockage is often only successful initially. For example, 70-80% of patients with advanced disease exhibit an initial subjective response to hormonal therapy, but most tumors progress to an androgen-independent state within two years (16). One mechanism proposed for the progression to an androgen-independent state involves constitutive activation of the androgen signaling pathway, which could arise from structural changes in the androgen receptor protein (16).

As indicated above, the genesis and progression of cancer cells involve multiple genetic alterations as well as a complex interaction of several gene products. Thus, various strategies are required to fully understand the molecular genetic alterations in a specific type of cancer. In the past, most molecular biology studies had focused on mutations of cellular proto-oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes (TSGs) associated with prostate cancer (7). Recently, however, there has been an increasing shift toward the analysis of “expression genetics” in human cancer (27-31), i.e., the under-expression or over-expression of cancer-specific genes. This shift addresses limitations of the previous approaches including: 1) labor intensive technology involved in identifying mutated genes that are associated with human cancer; 2) the limitations of experimental models with a bias toward identification of only certain classes of genes, e.g., identification of mutant ras genes by transfection of human tumor DNAs utilizing NIH3T3 cells; and 3) the recognition that the human cancer associated genes identified so far do not account for the diversity of cancer phenotypes.

A number of studies are now addressing the alterations of prostate cancer-associated gene expression in patient specimens (32-36). It is inevitable that more reports on these lines are to follow.

Thus, despite the growing body of knowledge regarding prostate cancer, there is still a need in the art to uncover the identity and function of the genes involved in prostate cancer pathogenesis. There is also a need for reagents and assays to accurately detect cancerous cells, to define various stages of prostate cancer progression, to identify and characterize genetic alterations defining prostate cancer onset and progression, to detect micro-metastasis of prostate cancer, and to treat and prevent prostate cancer.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to the identification and characterization of a novel gene, the first of a family of genes, designated PCGEM1, for Prostate Cancer Gene Expression Marker 1. PCGEM1 is specific to prostate tissue, is androgen-regulated, and appears to be over-expressed in prostate cancer. More recent studies associate PCGEM1 cDNA with promoting cell growth. The invention provides the isolated nucleotide sequence of PCGEM1 or fragments thereof and nucleic acid sequences that hybridize to PCGEM1. These sequences have utility, for example, as markers of prostate cancer and other prostate related diseases, and as targets for therapeutic intervention in prostate cancer and other prostate related diseases. The invention further provides a vector that directs the expression of PCGEM1, and a host cell transfected or transduced with this vector.

In another embodiment, the invention provides a method of detecting prostate cancer cells in a biological sample, for example, by using nucleic acid amplification techniques with primers and probes selected to bind specifically to the PCGEM1 sequence. The invention further comprises a method of selectively killing a prostate cancer cell, a method of identifying an androgen responsive cell line, and a method of measuring responsiveness of a cell line to hormone-ablation therapy.

In another aspect, the invention relates to an isolated polypeptide encoded by the PCGEM1 gene or a fragment thereof, and antibodies generated against the PCGEM1 polypeptide, peptides, or portions thereof, which can be used to detect, treat, and prevent prostate cancer.

Additional features and advantages of the invention will be set forth in the description which follows, and in part will be apparent from the description, or may be learned by practice of the invention. The objectives and other advantages of the invention will be realized and attained by the sequences, cells, vectors, and methods particularly pointed out in the written description and claims herein as well as the appended drawings.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 depicts the scheme for the identification of differentially expressed genes in prostate tumor and normal tissues.

FIG. 2 depicts a differential display pattern of MRNA obtained from matched tumor and normal tissues of a prostate cancer patient. Arrows indicate differentially expressed cDNAs.

FIG. 3 depicts the analysis of PCGEM1 expression in primary prostate cancers.

FIG. 4 depicts the expression pattern of PCGEM1 in prostate cancer cell lines.

FIG. 5a depicts the androgen regulation of PCGEM1 expression in LNCaP cells, as measured by reverse transcriptase PCR.

FIG. 5b depicts the androgen regulation of PCGEM1 expression in LNCaP cells, as measured by Northern blot hybridization.

FIG. 6a depicts the prostate tissue specific expression pattern of PCGEM1.

FIG. 6b depicts a RNA master blot showing the prostate tissue specificity of PCGEM1.

FIG. 7A depicts the chromosomal localization of PCGEM1 by fluorescent in situ hybridization analysis.

FIG. 7B depicts a DAPI counter-stained chromosome 2 (left), an inverted DAPI stained chromosome 2 shown as G-bands (center), and an ideogram of chromosome 2 showing the localization of the signal to band 2q32(bar).

FIG. 8 depicts a cDNA sequence of PCGEM1 (SEQ ID NO:1).

FIG. 9 depicts an additional cDNA sequence of PCGEM1 (SEQ ID NO:2).

FIG. 10 depicts the colony formation of NIH3T3 cell lines expressing various PCGEM1 constructs.

FIG. 11 depicts the cDNA sequence of the promoter region of PCGEM1 SEQ ID NO:3.

FIG. 12 depicts the cDNA of a probe, designated SEQ ID NO:4.

FIG. 13 depicts the cDNAs of primers 1-3, designated SEQ ID NOs:5-7, respectively.

FIG. 14 depicts the genomic DNA sequence of PCGEM1, designated SEQ ID NO:8.

FIG. 15 depicts the structure of the PCGEM1 transcription unit.

FIG. 16 depicts a graph of the hypothetical coding capacity of PCGEM1.

FIG. 17 depicts a representative example of in situ hybridization results showing PCGEM1 expression in normal and tumor areas of prostate cancer tissues.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to PCGEM1, the first of a family of genes, and its related nucleic acids, proteins, antigens, and antibodies for use in the detection, prevention, and treatment of prostate cancer (e.g., prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN), adenocarcinomas, nodular hyperplasia, and large duct carcinomas) and prostate related diseases (e.g., benign prostatic hyperplasia), and kits comprising these reagents.

Although we do not wish to be limited by any theory or hypothesis, preliminary data suggest that the PCGEM1 nucleotide sequence may be related to a family of non-coding poly A+RNA that may be implicated in processes relating to growth and embryonic development (40-44). Evidence presented herein supports this hypothesis. Alternatively, PCGEM1 cDNA may encode a small peptide.

Nucleic Acid Molecules

In a particular embodiment, the invention relates to certain isolated nucleotide sequences that are substantially free from contaminating endogenous material. A “nucleotide sequence” refers to a polynucleotide molecule in the form of a separate fragment or as a component of a larger nucleic acid construct. The nucleic acid molecule has been derived from DNA or RNA isolated at least once in substantially pure form and in a quantity or concentration enabling identification, manipulation, and recovery of its component nucleotide sequences by standard biochemical methods (such as those outlined in Sambrook et al., Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, 2nd ed., Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y. (1989)).

Nucleic acid molecules of the invention include DNA in both single-stranded and double-stranded form, as well as the RNA complement thereof. DNA includes, for example, cDNA, genomic DNA, chemically synthesized DNA, DNA amplified by PCR, and combinations thereof. Genomic DNA may be isolated by conventional techniques, e.g., using the cDNA of SEQ ID NO:1, SEQ ID NO:2, or suitable fragments thereof, as a probe.

The DNA molecules of the invention include full length genes as well as polynucleotides and fragments thereof. The full length gene may include the N-terminal signal peptide. Although a non-coding role of PCGEM1 appears likely, the possibility of a protein product cannot presently be ruled out. Therefore, other embodiments may include DNA encoding a soluble form, e.g., encoding the extracellular domain of the protein, either with or without the signal peptide.

The nucleic acids of the invention are preferentially derived from human sources, but the invention includes those derived from non-human species, as well.

Preferred Sequences

Particularly preferred nucleotide sequences of the invention are SEQ ID NO:1, SEQ ID NO:2, and SEQ ID NO: 8, as set forth in FIGS. 8, 9, and 14, respectively. Two cDNA clones having the nucleotide sequences of SEQ ID NO:1 and SEQ ID NO:2, and the genomic DNA having the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 8, were isolated as described in Example 2.

Thus, in a particular embodiment, this invention provides an isolated nucleic acid molecule selected from the group consisting of (a) the polynucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:1, SEQ ID NO:2, or SEQ ID NO: 8; (b) an isolated nucleic acid molecule that hybridizes to either strand of a denatured, double-stranded DNA comprising the nucleic acid sequence of (a) under conditions of moderate stringency in 50% formamide and about 6×SSC at about 42° C. with washing conditions of approximately 60° C., about 0.5×SSC, and about 0.1% SDS; (c) an isolated nucleic acid molecule that hybridizes to either strand of a denatured, double-stranded DNA comprising the nucleic acid sequence of (a) under conditions of high stringency in 50% formamide and about 6×SSC, with washing conditions of approximately 68° C., about 0.2×SSC, and about 0.1% SDS; (d) an isolated nucleic acid molecule derived by in vitro mutagenesis from SEQ ID NO:1, SEQ ID NO:2, or SEQ ID NO:8; (e) an isolated nucleic acid molecule degenerate from SEQ ID NO:1, SEQ ID NO:2, or SEQ ID NO:8 as a result of the genetic code; and (f) an isolated nucleic acid molecule selected from the group consisting of human PCGEM1 DNA, an allelic variant of human PCGEM1 DNA, and a species homolog of PCGEM1 DNA.

As used herein, conditions of moderate stringency can be readily determined by those having ordinary skill in the art based on, for example, the length of the DNA. The basic conditions are set forth by Sambrook et al. Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, 2d ed. Vol. 1, pp. 1.101-104, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, (1989), and include use of a prewashing solution for the nitrocellulose filters of about 5×SSC, about 0.5% SDS, and about 1.0 mM EDTA (pH 8.0), hybridization conditions of about 50% formamide, about 6×SSC at about 42° C. (or other similar hybridization solution, such as Stark's solution, in about 50% formamide at about 42° C.), and washing conditions of about 60° C., about 0.5×SSC, and about 0.1% SDS. Conditions of high stringency can also be readily determined by the skilled artisan based on, for example, the length of the DNA. Generally, such conditions are defined as hybridization conditions as above, and with washing at approximately 68° C., about 0.2×SSC, and about 0.1% SDS. The skilled artisan will recognize that the temperature and wash solution salt concentration can be adjusted as necessary according to factors such as the length of the probe.

Additional Sequences

Due to the known degeneracy of the genetic code, wherein more than one codon can encode the same amino acid, a DNA sequence can vary from that shown in SEQ ID NO:1, SEQ ID NO:2, or SEQ ID NO:8, and still encode PCGEM1. Such variant DNA sequences can result from silent mutations (e.g., occurring during PCR amplification), or can be the product of deliberate mutagenesis of a native sequence.

The invention thus provides isolated DNA sequences of the invention selected from: (a) DNA comprising the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:1, SEQ ID NO:2, or SEQ ID NO:8; (b) DNA capable of hybridization to a DNA of (a) under conditions of moderate stringency; (c) DNA capable of hybridization to a DNA of (a) under conditions of high stringency; and (d) DNA which is degenerate as a result of the genetic code to a DNA defined in (a), (b), or (c). Such sequences are preferably provided and/or constructed in the form of an open reading frame uninterrupted by internal non-translated sequences, or introns, that are typically present in eukaryotic genes. Sequences of non-translated DNA can be present 5′ or 3′ from an open reading frame, where the same do not interfere with manipulation or expression of the coding region. Of course, should PCGEM1 encode a polypeptide, polypeptides encoded by such DNA sequences are encompassed by the invention. Conditions of moderate and high stringency are described above.

In another embodiment, the nucleic acid molecules of the invention comprise nucleotide sequences that are at least 80% identical to a nucleotide sequence set forth herein. Also contemplated are embodiments in which a nucleic acid molecule comprises a sequence that is at least 90% identical, at least 95% identical, at least 98% identical, at least 99% identical, or at least 99.9% identical to a nucleotide sequence set forth herein.

Percent identity may be determined by visual inspection and mathematical calculation. Alternatively, percent identity of two nucleic acid sequences may be determined by comparing sequence information using the GAP computer program, version 6.0 described by Devereux et al. (Nucl. Acids Res. 12:387, 1984) and available from the University of Wisconsin Genetics Computer Group (UWGCG). The preferred default parameters for the GAP program include: (1) a unary comparison matrix (containing a value of 1 for identities and 0 for non-identities) for nucleotides, and the weighted comparison matrix of Gribskov and Burgess, Nucl. Acids Res. 14:6745, 1986, as described by Schwartz and Dayhoff, eds., Atlas of Protein Sequence and Structure, National Biomedical Research Foundation, pp. 353-358, 1979; (2) a penalty of 3.0 for each gap and an additional 0.10 penalty for each symbol in each gap; and (3) no penalty for end gaps. Other programs used by one skilled in the art of sequence comparison may also be used.

The invention also provides isolated nucleic acids useful in the production of polypeptides. Such polypeptides may be prepared by any of a number of conventional techniques. A DNA sequence of this invention or desired fragment thereof may be subcloned into an expression vector for production of the polypeptide or fragment. The DNA sequence advantageously is fused to a sequence encoding a suitable leader or signal peptide. Alternatively, the desired fragment may be chemically synthesized using known techniques. DNA fragments also may be produced by restriction endonuclease digestion of a full length cloned DNA sequence, and isolated by electrophoresis on agarose gels. If necessary, oligonucleotides that reconstruct the 5′ or 3′ terminus to a desired point may be ligated to a DNA fragment generated by restriction enzyme digestion. Such oligonucleotides may additionally contain a restriction endonuclease cleavage site upstream of the desired coding sequence, and position an initiation codon (ATG) at the N-terminus of the coding sequence.

The well-known polymerase chain reaction (PCR) procedure also may be employed to isolate and amplify a DNA sequence encoding a desired protein fragment. Oligonucleotides that define the desired termini of the DNA fragment are employed as 5′ and 3′ primers. The oligonucleotides may additionally contain recognition sites for restriction endonucleases, to facilitate insertion of the amplified DNA fragment into an expression vector. PCR techniques are described in Saiki et al., Science 239:487 (1988); Recombinant DNA Methodology, Wu et al., eds., Academic Press, Inc., San Diego (1989), pp. 189-196; and PCR Protocols: A Guide to Methods and Applications, Innis et al., eds., Academic Press, Inc. (1990).

Use of PCGEM1 Nucleic Acid or Oligonucleotides

In a particular embodiment, the invention relates to PCGEM1 nucleotide sequences isolated from human prostate cells, including the complete genomic DNA (FIG. 14, SEQ ID NO: 8), and two full length cDNAs: SEQ ID NO:1 (FIG. 8) and SEQ ID NO:2 (FIG. 9), and fragments thereof. The nucleic acids of the invention, including DNA, RNA, mRNA and oligonucleotides thereof, are useful in a variety of applications in the detection, diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of prostate cancer. Examples of applications within the scope of the present invention include, but are not limited to:

amplifying PCGEM1 sequences;

detecting a PCGEM1-derived marker of prostate cancer by hybridization with an oligonucleotide probe;

identifying chromosome 2;

mapping genes to chromosome 2;

identifying genes associated with certain diseases, syndromes, or other conditions associated with human chromosome 2;

constructing vectors having PCGEM1 sequences;

expressing vector-associated PCGEM1 sequences as RNA and protein;

detecting defective genes in an individual;

developing gene therapy;

developing immunologic reagents corresponding to PCGEM1-encoded products; and

treating prostate cancer using antibodies, antisense nucleic acids, or other inhibitors specific for PCGEM1 sequences.

Detecting, Diagnosing, and Treating Prostate Cancer

The present invention provides a method of detecting prostate cancer in a patient, which comprises (a) detecting PCGEM1 mRNA in a biological sample from the patient; and (b) correlating the amount of PCGEM1 mRNA in the sample with the presence of prostate cancer in the patient. Detecting PCGEM1 mRNA in a biological sample may include: (a) isolating RNA from said biological sample; (b) amplifying a PCGEM1 cDNA molecule; (c) incubating the PCGEM1 cDNA with the isolated nucleic acid of the invention; and (d) detecting hybridization between the PCGEM1 cDNA and the isolated nucleic acid. The biological sample can be selected from the group consisting of blood, urine, and tissue, for example, from a biopsy. In a preferred embodiment, the biological sample is blood. This method is useful in both the initial diagnosis of prostate cancer, and the later prognosis of disease. This method allows for testing prostate tissue in a biopsy, and after removal of a cancerous prostate, continued monitoring of the blood for micrometastases.

According to this method of diagnosing and prognosticating prostate cancer in a patient, the amount of PCGEM1 mRNA in a biological sample from a patient is correlated with the presence of prostate cancer in the patient. Those of ordinary skill in the art can readily assess the level of over-expression that is correlated with the presence of prostate cancer.

In another embodiment, this invention provides a vector, comprising a PCGEM1 promoter sequence operatively linked to a nucleotide sequence encoding a cytotoxic protein. The invention further provides a method of selectively killing a prostate cancer cell, which comprises introducing the vector to prostate cancer cells under conditions sufficient to permit selective killing of the prostate cells. As used herein, the phrase “selective killing” is meant to include the killing of at least a cell which is specifically targeted by a nucleotide sequence. The putative PCGEM1 promoter, contained in the 5′ flanking region of the PCGEM1 genomic sequence, SEQ ID NO: 3, is set forth in FIG. 11. Applicants envision that a nucleotide sequence encoding any cytotoxic protein can be incorporated into this vector for delivery to prostate tissue. For example, the cytotoxic protein can be ricin, abrin, diphtheria toxin, p53, thymidine kinase, tumor necrosis factor, cholera toxin, Pseudomonas aeruginosa exotoxin A, ribosomal inactivating proteins, or mycotoxins such as trichothecenes, and derivatives and fragments (e.g., single chains) thereof.

This invention also provides a method of identifying an androgen-responsive cell line, which comprises (a) obtaining a cell line suspected of being androgen-responsive, (b) incubating the cell line with an androgen; and (c) detecting PCGEM1 mRNA in the cell line, wherein an increase in PCGEM1 mRNA, as compared to an untreated cell line, correlates with the cell line being androgen-responsive.

The invention further provides a method of measuring the responsiveness of a prostatic tissue to hormone-ablation therapy, which comprises (a) treating the prostatic tissue with hormone-ablation therapy; and (b) measuring PCGEM1 mRNA in the prostatic tissue following hormone-ablation therapy, wherein a decrease in PCGEM1 mRNA, as compared to an untreated cell line, correlates with the cell line responding to hormone-ablation therapy.

In another aspect of the invention, these nucleic acid molecules may be introduced into a recombinant vector, such as a plasmid, cosmid, or virus, which can be used to transfect or transduce a host cell. The nucleic acids of the present invention may be combined with other DNA sequences, such as promoters, polyadenylation signals, restriction enzyme sites, multiple cloning sites, and other coding sequences.

Probes

Among the uses of nucleic acids of the invention is the use of fragments as probes or primers. Such fragments generally comprise at least about 17 contiguous nucleotides of a DNA sequence. The fragment may have fewer than 17 nucleotides, such as, for example, 10 or 15 nucleotides. In other embodiments, a DNA fragment comprises at least 20, at least 30, or at least 60 contiguous nucleotides of a DNA sequence. Examples of probes or primers of the invention include those of SEQ ID NO: 5, SEQ ID NO: 6, and SEQ ID NO: 7, as well as those disclosed in Table I.

TABLE I Starting Primer Sequence (5′ → 3′) S/AS Base # SEQ ID NO. p413 TGGCAACAGGCAAGCAGAG S 496 SEQ ID NO: 9 p414 GGCCAAAATAAAACCAAACAT AS 596 SEQ ID NO: 10 p489 GCAAATATGATTTAAAGATACAAC S 738 SEQ ID NO: 11 p490 GGTTGTATCTTTAAATCATATTTGC AS 762 SEQ ID NO: 12 p491 ACTGTCTTTTCATATATTTCTCAATC S 546 SEQ ID NO: 13 p517 AAGTAGTAATTTTAAACATGGGAC AS 1502 SEQ ID NO: 14 p518 TTTTTCAATTAGGCAGCAACC S 117 SEQ ID NO: 15 p519 GAATTGTCTTTGTGATTGTTTTTAG S 1324 SEQ ID NO: 16 p560 CAATTCACAAAGACAATTCAGTTAG AS 1341 SEQ ID NO: 17 p561 ACAATTAGACAATGTCCAGCTGA AS 1140 SEQ ID NO: 18 p562 CTTTGGCTGATATCATGAAGTGTC AS 308 SEQ ID NO: 19 p623 AACCTTTTGCCCTATGCCGTAAC S 134 SEQ ID NO: 20 p624 GAGACTCCCAACCTGATGATGT AS 364 SEQ ID NO: 21 p839 GGTCACGTTGAGTCCCAGTG AS 256 SEQ ID NO: 22

However, even larger probes may be used. For example, a particularly preferred probe is derived from PCGEM1 (SEQ ID NO: 1) and comprises nucleotides 116 to 1140 of that sequence. It has been designated SEQ ID NO: 4 and is set forth in FIG. 12.

When a hybridization probe binds to a target sequence, it forms a duplex molecule that is both stable and selective. These nucleic acid molecules may be readily prepared, for example, by chemical synthesis or by recombinant techniques. A wide variety of methods are known in the art for detecting hybridization, including fluorescent, radioactive, or enzymatic means, or other ligands such as avidin/biotin.

In another aspect of the invention, these nucleic acid molecules may be introduced into a recombinant vector, such as a plasmid, cosmid, or virus, which can be used to transfect or transduce a host cell. The nucleic acids of the present invention may be combined with other DNA sequences, such as promoters, polyadenylation signals, restriction enzyme sites, multiple cloning sites, and other coding sequences.

Because homologs of SEQ ID NO: 1, SEQ ID NO: 2, and SEQ ID NO: 8 from other mammalian species are contemplated herein, probes based on the human DNA sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1, SEQ ID NO: 2, and SEQ ID NO: 8 may be used to screen cDNA libraries derived from other mammalian species, using conventional cross-species hybridization techniques.

In another aspect of the invention, one can use the knowledge of the genetic code in combination with the sequences set forth herein to prepare sets of degenerate oligonucleotides. Such oligonucleotides are useful as primers, e.g., in polymerase chain reactions (PCR), whereby DNA fragments are isolated and amplified. Particularly preferred primers are set forth in FIG. 13 and Table I and are designated SEQ ID NOS: 5-7 and 9-22, respectively. A particularly preferred primer pair is p518 (SEQ ID NO: 15) and p839 (SEQ ID NO: 22), which when used in PCR, preferentially amplifies mRNA, thereby avoiding less desirable cross-reactivity with genomic DNA.

Chromosome Mapping

As set forth in Example 3, the PCGEM1 gene has been mapped by fluorescent in situ hybridization to the 2q32 region of chromosome 2 using a bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) clone containing PCGEU1 genomic sequence. Thus, all or a portion of the nucleic acid molecule of SEQ ID NO:1, SEQ ID NO:2, and SEQ ID NO:8, including oligonucleotides, can be used by those skilled in the art using well-known techniques to identify human chromosome 2, and the specific locus thereof, that contains the PCGEM1 DNA. Useful techniques include, but are not limited to, using the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:1, SEQ ID NO:2, or SE ID NO:8, or fragments thereof, including oligonucleotides, as a probe in various well-known techniques such as radiation hybrid mapping (high resolution), in situ hybridization to chromosome spreads (moderate resolution), and Southern blot hybridization to hybrid cell lines containing individual human chromosomes (low resolution).

For example, chromosomes can be mapped by radiation hybridization. First, PCR is performed using the Whitehead Institute/MIT Center for Genome Research Genebridge4 panel of 93 radiation hybrids (http://www-genome.wi.mit.edu/ftp/distribution/human_STS_releases/july97/rhmap/genebridge4.html). Primers are used which lie within a putative exon of the gene of interest and which amplify a product from human genomic DNA, but do not amplify hamster genomic DNA. The results of the PCRs are converted into a data vector that is submitted to the Whitehead/MIT Radiation Mapping site on the internet (http://www-seq.wi.mit.edu). The data is scored and the chromosomal assignment and placement relative to known Sequence Tag Site (STS) markers on the radiation hybrid map is provided. (The following web site provides additional information about radiation hybrid mapping: http://www-genome.wi.mit.edu/ftp/distribution/human_STS_releases/july97/07-97.INTRO.html).

Identifying Associated Diseases

As noted above, PCGEM1 has been mapped to the 2q32 region of chromosome 2. This region is associated with specific diseases, which include but are not limited to diabetes mellitus (insulin dependent), and T cell leukemia/lymphoma. Thus, the nucleic acids of SEQ ID NO: 1, SEQ ID NO: 2, or SEQ ID NO:8, or fragments thereof, can be used by one skilled in the art using well-known techniques to analyze abnormalities associated with gene mapping to chromosome 2. This enables one to distinguish conditions in which this marker is rearranged or deleted. In addition, nucleotides of SEQ ID NO:1, SEQ ID NO:2, or SEQ ID NO:8, or fragments thereof, can be used as a positional marker to map other genes of unknown location.

The DNA may be used in developing treatments for any disorder mediated (directly or indirectly) by defective, or insufficient amounts of PCGEM1, including prostate cancer. Disclosure herein of native nucleotide sequences permits the detection of defective genes, and the replacement thereof with normal genes. Defective genes may be detected in in vitro diagnostic assays, and by comparison of a native nucleotide sequence disclosed herein with that of a gene derived from a person suspected of harboring a defect in this gene.

Sense-Antisense

Other useful fragments of the nucleic acids include antisense or sense oligonucleotides comprising a single-stranded nucleic acid sequence (either RNA or DNA) capable of binding to target mRNA (sense) or DNA (antisense) sequences. Antisense or sense oligonucleotides, according to the present invention, comprise a fragment of DNA (SEQ ID NO:1, SEQ ID NO:2, or SEQ ID NO:8). Such a fragment generally comprises at least about 14 nucleotides, preferably from about 14 to about 30 nucleotides. The ability to derive an antisense or a sense oligonucleotide, based upon a cDNA sequence encoding a given protein is described in, for example, Stein and Cohen (Cancer Res. 48:2659, 1988) and van der Krol et al. (BioTechniques 6:958, 1988).

The biologic activity of PCGEM1 in assay cells and the over expression of PCGEM1 in prostate cancer tissues suggest that elevated levels of PCGEM1 promote prostate cancer cell growth. Thus, the antisense oligonucleotides to PCGEM1 may be used to reduce the expression of PCGEM1 and, consequently, inhibit the growth of the cancer cells.

Binding of antisense or sense oligonucleotides to target nucleic acid sequences results in the formation of duplexes. The antisense oligonucleotides thus may be used to block expression of proteins or to inhibit the function of RNA. Antisense or sense oligonucleotides further comprise oligonucleotides having modified sugar-phosphodiester backbones (or other sugar linkages, such as those described in WO91/06629) and wherein such sugar linkages are resistant to endogenous nucleases. Such oligonucleotides with resistant sugar linkages are stable in vivo (i.e., capable of resisting enzymatic degradation) but retain sequence specificity to be able to bind to target nucleotide sequences.

Other examples of sense or antisense oligonucleotides include those oligonucleotides which are covalently linked to organic moieties, such as those described in WO 90/10448, and other moieties that increases affinity of the oligonucleotide for a target nucleic acid sequence, such as poly-(L-lysine). Further still, intercalating agents, such as ellipticine, and alkylating agents or metal complexes may be attached to sense or antisense oligonucleotides. Such modifications may modify binding specificities of the antisense or sense oligonucleotide for the target nucleotide sequence.

Antisense or sense oligonucleotides may be introduced into a cell containing the target nucleic acid sequence by any gene transfer method, including, for example, lipofection, CaPO₄-mediated DNA transfection, electroporation, or by using gene transfer vectors such as Epstein-Barr virus or adenovirus.

Sense or antisense oligonucleotides also may be introduced into a cell containing the target nucleotide sequence by formation of a conjugate with a ligand binding molecule, as described in WO 91/04753. Suitable ligand binding molecules include, but are not limited to, cell surface receptors, growth factors, other cytokines, or other ligands that bind to cell surface receptors. Preferably, conjugation of the ligand binding molecule does not substantially interfere with the ability of the ligand binding molecule to bind to its corresponding molecule or receptor, or block entry of the sense or antisense oligonucleotide or its conjugated version into the cell.

Alternatively, a sense or an antisense oligonucleotide may be introduced into a cell containing the target nucleic acid sequence by formation of an oligonucleotide-lipid complex, as described in WO 90/10448. The sense or antisense oligonucleotide-lipid complex is preferably dissociated within the cell by an endogenous lipase.

Polypeptides and Fragments Thereof

The invention also encompasses polypeptides and fragments thereof in various forms, including those that are naturally occurring or produced through various techniques such as procedures involving recombinant DNA technology. Such forms include, but are not limited to, derivatives, variants, and oligomers, as well as fusion proteins or fragments thereof.

The polypeptides of the invention include full length proteins encoded by the nucleic acid sequences set forth above. The polypeptide's of the invention may be membrane bound or they may be secreted and thus soluble. The invention also includes the expression, isolation and purification of the polypeptides and fragments of the invention, accomplished by any suitable technique.

The following examples further illustrate preferred aspects of the invention.

EXAMPLE 1

Differential Gene Expression Analysis in Prostate Cancer

Using the differential display technique, we identified a novel gene that is over-expressed in prostate cancer cells. Differential display provides a method to separate and clone individual messenger RNAs by means of the polymerase chain reaction, as described in Liang et al., Science, 257:967-71 (1992), which is hereby incorporated by reference. Briefly, the method entails using two groups of oligonucleotide primers. One group is designed to recognize the polyadenylate tail of messenger RNAs. The other group contains primers that are short and arbitrary in sequence and anneal to positions in the messenger RNA randomly distributed from the polyadenylate tail. Products amplified with these primers can be differentiated on a sequencing gel based on their size. If different cell populations are amplified with the same groups of primers, one can compare the amplification products to identify differentially expressed RNA sequences.

Differential display (“DD”) kits from Genomyx (Foster City, Calif.) were used to analyze differential gene expression. The steps of the differential display technique are summarized in FIG. 1. Histologically well defined matched tumor and normal prostate tissue sections containing approximately similar proportions of epithelial cells were chosen from individual prostate cancer patients.

Genomic DNA-free total RNA was extracted from this enriched pool of cells using RNAzol B (Tel-Test, Inc., Friendswood, Tex.) according to manufacturer's protocol. The epithelial nature of the RNA source was further confirmed using cytokeratin 18 expression (45) in reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assays. Using arbitrary and anchored primers containing 5′ M13 or T7 sequences (obtained from Biomedical Instrumentation Center, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda), the isolated DNA-free total RNA was amplified by RT-PCR which was performed using ten anchored antisense primers and four arbitrary sense primers according to the protocol provided by Hieroglyph™ RNA Profile Kit 1 (Genomyx Corporation, CA). The cDNA fragments produced by the RT-PCR assay were analyzed by high resolution gel electrophoresis, carried out by using Genomyx™ LR DNA sequencer and LR-Optimized™ HR-1000™ gel formulations (Genomyx Corporation, CA).

A partial DD screening of normal/tumor tissues revealed 30 differentially expressed cDNA fragments, with 53% showing reduced or no expression in tumor RNA specimens and 47% showing over expression in tumor RNA specimen (FIG. 2). These cDNAs were excised from the DD gels, reamplified using T7 and M13 primers and the RT PCR conditions recommended in Hieroglyph™ RNA Profile Kit-1 (Genomyx Corp., CA), and sequenced. The inclusion of T7 and M13 sequencing primers in the DD primers allowed rapid sequencing and orientation of cDNAs (FIG. 1).

All the reamplified cDNA fragments were purified by Centricon-c-100 system (Amicon, USA). The purified fragments were sequenced by cycle sequencing and DNA sequence determination using an ABI 377 DNA sequencer. Isolated sequences were analyzed for sequence homology with known sequences by running searches through publicly available DNA sequence databases, including the National Center for Biotechnology Information and the Cancer Genome Anatomy Project. Approximately two-thirds of these cDNA sequences exhibited homology to previously described DNA sequences/genes e.g., ribosomal proteins, mitochondrial DNA sequences, growth factor receptors, and genes involved in maintaining the redox state in cells. About one-third of the cDNAs represented novel sequences, which did not exhibit similarity to the sequences available in publicly available databases. The PCGEM1 fragment, obtained from the initial differential display screening represents a 530 base pair (nucleotides 410 to 940 of SEQ ID NO: 1) cDNA sequence which, in initial searches, did not exhibit any significant homology with sequences in the publicly available databases. Later searching of the high throughput genome sequence (HTGS) database revealed perfect homology to a chromosome 2 derived uncharacterized, unfinished genomic sequence (accession # AC 013401).

EXAMPLE 2

Characterization of Full Length PCGEM1 cDNA Sequence

The full length of PCGEM1 was obtained by 5′ and 3′ RACE/PCR from the original 530 bp DD product (nucleotides 410 to 940 of PCGEM1 cDNA SEQ ID NO:1) using a normal prostate cDNA library in lambda phage (Clontech, CA). The RACE/PCR products were directly sequenced. Lasergene and MacVector DNA analysis software were used to analyze DNA sequences and to define open reading frame regions. We also used the original DD product to screen a normal prostate cDNA library. Three overlapping cDNA clones were identified.

Sequencing of the cDNA clones was performed on an ABI-310 sequence analyzer and a new dRhodamine cycle sequencing kit (PE-Applied Biosystem, CA). The longest PCGEM1 cDNA clone, SEQ ID NO:1 (FIG. 8), revealed 1603 nucleotides with a potential polyadenylation site, ATTAAA, close to the 3′ end followed by a poly (A) tail. As noted above, although initial searching of PCGEM1 gene in publically available DNA databases (e.g., National Center for Biotechnology Information) using the BLAST program did not reveal any homology, a recent search of the HTGS database revealed perfect homology of PCGEM1 (using cDNA of SEQ ID NO:1) to a chromsome 2 derived uncharacterized, unfinished genomic sequence (accession #AC 013401). One of the cDNA clones, SEQ ID NO:2 (FIG. 9), contained a 123 bp insertion at 278, and this inserted sequence showed strong homology (87%) to Alu sequence. It is likely that this clone represented the premature transcripts. Sequencing of several clones from RT-PCR further confirmed the presence of the two forms of transcripts.

Sequence analysis did not reveal any significant long open reading frame in both strands. The longest ORF in the sense strand was 105 nucleotides (572-679) encoding 35 amino acid peptides. However, the ATG was not in a strong context of initiation. Although we could not rule out the coding capacity for a very small peptide, it is possible that PCGEM1 may function as a non-coding RNA.

The sequence of PCGEM1 cDNA has been verified by several approaches including characterization of several clones of PCGEM1 and analysis of PCGEM1 cDNAs amplified from normal prostate tissue and prostate cancer cell lines. We have also obtained the genomic clones of PCGEM1, which has helped to confirm the PCGEM1 cDNA sequence. The complete genomic DNA sequence of PCGEM1 (SEQ ID NO:8) is shown in FIG. 14. In FIG. 14 (and in the accompanying Sequence Listing), “Y” represents any one of the four nucleotide bases, cylosine, thymine, adenine, or guanine. Comparison of the cDNA and genomic sequences revealed the organization of the PCGEM1 transcription unit from three exons (FIG. 15: E, Exon; B: BamHI; H: HindIII; X: XbaI; R: EcoRI).

EXAMPLE 3

Mapping the Location of PCGEM1

Using fluorescent in situ hybridization and the PCGEM1 genomic DNA as a probe, we mapped the location of PCGEM1 on chromosome 2q to specific region 2q32 (FIG. 7A). Specifically, a Bacterial Artificial Chromosome (BAC) clone containing the PCGEM1 genomic sequence was isolated by custom services of Genome Systems (St. Louis, Mo.). PCGEM1-Bac clone 1 DNA was nick translated using spectrum orange (Vysis) as a direct label and flourescent in situ hybridization was done using this probe on normal human male metaphase chromosome spreads. Counterstaining was done and chromosomal localization was determined based on the G-band analysis of inverted 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) images. (FIG. 7B: a DAPI counter-stained chromosome 2 is shown on the left; an inverted DAPI stained chromosome 2 shown as G-bands is shown in the center; an ideogram of chromosome 2 showing the localization of the signal to band 2q32(bar) is shown on the right.) NU200 image acquisition and registration software was used to create the digital images. More than 20 metaphases were analyzed.

EXAMPLE 4

Analysis of PCGEM1 Gene Expression in Prostate Cancer

To further characterize the tumor specific expression of the PCGEM1 fragment, and also to rule out individual variations of gene expression alterations commonly observed in tumors, the expression of the PCGEM1 fragment was evaluated on a test panel of matched tumor and normal RNAs derived from the microdissected tissues of twenty prostate cancer patients.

Using the PCGEM1 cDNA sequence (SEQ ID NO:1), specific PCR primers (Sense primer 1 (SEQ ID NO: 5): 5′ TGCCTCAGCCTCCCAAGTAAC 3′ and Antisense primer 2 (SEQ ID NO: 6): 5′ GGCCAAAATAAAACCAAACAT 3′) were designed for RT-PCR assays. Radical prostatectomy derived OCT compound (Miles Inc. Elkhart, Ind.) embedded fresh frozen normal and tumor tissues from prostate cancer patients were characterized for histopathology by examining hematoxylin and eosin stained sections (46). Tumor and normal prostate tissues regions representing approximately equal number of epithelial cells were dissected out of frozen sections. DNA-free RNA was prepared from these tissues and used in RT-PCR analysis to detect PCGEM1 expression. One hundred nanograms of total RNA was reverse transcribed into cDNA using RT-PCR kit (Perkin-Elmer, Foster, Calif.). The PCR was performed using Amplitaq Gold from Perkin-Elmer (Foster, Calif.). PCR cycles used were: 95° C. for 10 minutes, 1 cycle; 95° C. for 30 seconds, 55° C. for 30 seconds, 72° C. for 30 seconds, 42 cycles, and 72° C. for 5 minutes, 1 cycle followed by a 4° C. storage. Epithelial cell-associated cytokeratin 18 was used as an internal control.

RT-PCR analysis of microdissected matched normal and tumor tissue derived RNAs from 23 CaP patients revealed tumor associated overexpression of PCGEM1 in 13 (56%) of the patients (FIG. 5). Six of twenty-three (26%) patients did not exhibit detectable PCGEM1 expression in either normal or tumor tissue derived RNAs. Three of twenty-three (13%) tumor specimens showed reduced expression in tumors. One of the patients did not exhibit any change. Expression of housekeeping genes, cytokeratin-18 (FIG. 3) and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) (data not shown) remained constant in tumor and normal specimens of all the patients (FIG. 3). These results were further confirmed by another set of PCGEM1 specific primers (Sense Primer 3 (SEQ ID NO: 7): 5′ TGGCAACAGGCAAGCAGAG 3′ and Antisense Primer 2 (SEQ ID NO: 6): 5′ GGCCAAAATAAAACCAAACAT 3′). Four of 16 (25%) patients did not exhibit detectable PCGEM1 expression in either normal or tumor tissue derived RNAs. Two of 16 (12.5%) tumor specimens showed reduced expression in tumors. These results of PCGEM1 expression in tumor tissues could be explained by the expected individual variations between tumors of different patients. Most importantly, initial DD observations were confirmed by showing that 45% of patients analyzed did exhibit over expression of PCGEM1 in tumor prostate tissues when compared to corresponding normal prostate tissue of the same individual.

EXAMPLE 5

In situ Hybridization

In situ hybridization was performed essentially as described by Wilkinson and Green (48). Briefly, OCT embedded tissue slides stored at −80° C. were fixed in 4% PFA (paraformaldehyde), digested with proteinase K and then again fixed in 4% PFA. After washing in PBS, sections were treated with 0.25% acetic anhydride in 0.1 M triethanolamine, washed again in PBS, and dehydrated in a graded ethanol series. Sections were hybridized with ³⁵S-labeled riboprobes at 52° C. overnight. After washing and RNase A treatment, sections were dehydrated, dipped into NTB-2 emulsion and exposed for 11 days at 4° C. After development, slides were lightly stained with hematoxylin and mounted for microscopy. In each section, PCGEM1 expression was scored as percentage of cells showing ³⁵S signal: 1+, 1-25%; 2+, 25-50%; 3+, 50-75%, 4+, 75-100%.

Paired normal (benign) and tumor specimens from 13 patients were tested using in situ hybridization. A representative example is shown in FIG. 17. In 11 cases (84%) tumor associated elevation of PCGEM1 expression was detected. In 5 of these 11 patients the expression of PCGEM1 increased to 1+ in the tumor area from an essentially undetectable level in the normal area (on the 0 to 4+ scale). Tumor specimens from 4 of 11 patients scored between 2+ (example shown in FIG. 17B) and 4+. Two of 11 patients showed focal signals with 3+ score in the tumor area, and one of these patients had similar focal signal (2+) in an area pathologically designated as benign. In the remaining 2 of the 13 cases there was no detectable signal in any of the tissue areas tested. The results indicate that PCGEM1 expression appears to be restricted to glandular epithelial cells. (FIG. 17 shows an example of in situ hybridization of ³⁵S labeled PCGEM1 riboprobe to matched normal (A) versus tumor (B) sections of prostate cancer patients. The light gray areas are hematoxylin stained cell bodies, the black dots represent the PCGEM1 expression signal. The signal is background level in the normal (A), 2+ level in the tumor (B) section. The magnification is 40×.)

EXAMPLE 6

PCGEM1 Gene Expression in Prostate Tumor Cell Lines

PCGEM1 gene expression was also evaluated in established prostate cancer cell lines: LNCaP, DU145, PC3 (all from ATCC), DuPro (available from Dr. David Paulson, Duke University, Durham, N.C.), and an E6/E7—immortalized primary prostate cancer cell line, CPDR1 (47). CPDR1 is a primary CaP derived cell line immortalized by retroviral vector, LXSN 16 E6 E7, expressing E6 and E7 gene of the human papilloma virus 16. LNCaP is a well studied, androgen-responsive prostate cancer cell line, whereas DU145, PC3, DuPro and CPDR1 are androgen-independent and lack detectable expression of the androgen receptor. Utilizing the RT-PCR assay described above, PCGEM1 expression was easily detectable in LNCaP (FIG. 4). However, PCGEM1 expression was not detected in prostate cancer cell lines DU145, PC3, DuPro and CPDR. Thus, PCGEM1 was expressed in the androgen-responsive cell line but not in the androgen-independent cell lines. These results indicate that hormones, particularly androgen, may play a key role in regulating PCGEM1 expression in prostate cancer cells. In addition, the results suggest that PCGEM1 expression may be used to distinguish between hormone responsive tumor cells and more aggressive hormone refractory tumor cells.

To test if PCGEM1 expression is regulated by androgens, we performed experiments evaluating PCGEM1 expression in LNCaP cells (ATCC) cultured with and without androgens. Total RNA from LNCaP cells, treated with synthetic androgen R1881 obtained from (DUPONT, Boston, Mass.), were analyzed for PCGEM1 expression. Both RT-PCR analysis (FIG. 5a) and Northern blot analysis (FIG. 5b) were conducted as follows.

LNCaP cells were maintained in RPMI 1640 (Life Technologies, Inc., Gaithersburg, Md.) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FB S, Life Technologies, Inc., Gaithersburg, Md.) and experiments were performed on cells between passages 20 and 35. For the studies of NKX3.1 gene expression regulation, charcoal/dextran stripped androgen-free FBS (cFBS, Gemini Bio-Products, Inc., Calabasas, Calif.) was used. LNCaP cells were cultured first in RPMI 1640 with 10% cFBS for 4 days and then stimulated with a non-metabolizable androgen analog R1881 (DUPONT, Boston, Mass.) at different concentrations for different times as shown in FIG. 5A. LNCaP cells identically treated but without R1881 served as control. Poly A+ RNA derived from cells treated with/without R1881 was extracted at indicated time points with RNAzol B (Tel-Test, Inc, Tex.) and fractionated (2 μg/lane) by running on 1% formaldehyde-agarose gel and transferred to nylon membrane. Northern blots were analyzed for the expression of PCGEM1 using the nucleic acid molecule set forth in SEQ ID NO: 4 as a probe. The RNA from LNCaP cells treated with R1881 and RNA from control LNCaP cells were also analyzed by RT-PCR assays as described in Example 4.

As set forth in FIGS. 5a and 5 b, PCGEM1 expression increases in response to androgen treatment. This finding further supports the hypothesis that the PCGEM1 expression is regulated by androgens in prostate cancer cells.

EXAMPLE 7

Tissue Specificity of PCGEM1 Expression

Multiple tissue Northern blots (CLONTECH, CA) conducted according to the manufacturer's directions revealed prostate tissue-specific expression of PCGEM1. Polyadenylate RNAs of 23 different human tissues (heart, brain, placenta, lung, liver skeletal muscle, kidney, pancreas, spleen, thymus, prostate, testis, ovary, small intestine, colon, peripheral blood, stomach, thyroid, spinal cord, lymph node, trachea, adrenal gland and bone marrow) were probed with the 530 base pair PCGEM1 cDNA fragment (nucleotides 410 to 940 of SEQ ID NO:1). A 1.7 kilobase mRNA transcript hybridized to the PCGEM1 probe in prostate tissue (FIG. 6a). Hybridization was not observed in any of the other human tissues (FIG. 6a). Two independent experiments revealed identical results.

Additional Northern blot analyses on an RNA master blot (Clontech, CA) conducted according to the manufacturer's directions confirm the prostate tissue specificity of the PCGEM1 gene (FIG. 6b). Northern blot analyses reveal that the prostate tissue specificity of PCGEM1 is comparable to the well known prostate marker PSA (77mer oligo probe) and far better than two other prostate specific genes PSMA (234 bp fragment from PCR product) and NKX3.1 (210 bp cDNA). For instance, PSMA is expressed in the brain (37) and in the duodenal mucosa and a subset of proximal renal tubules (38). While NKX3.1 exhibits high levels of expression in adult prostate, it is also expressed in lower levels in testis tissue and several other tissues (39).

EXAMPLE 8

Biologic Functions of the PCGEM1

The tumor associated PCGEM1 overexpression suggested that the increased expression of PCGEM1 may favor tumor cell proliferation. NIH3T3 cells have been extensively used to define cell growth promoting functions associated with a wide variety of genes (40-44). Utilizing pcDNA3.1/Hygro(+/−)(INVITROGEN, CA), PCGEM1 expression vectors were constructed in sense and anti-sense orientations and were transfected into NIH3T3 cells, and hygromycin resistant colonies were counted 2-3 weeks later. Cells transfected with PCGEM1 sense construct formed about 2 times more colonies than vector alone in three independent experiments (FIG. 10). The size of the colonies in PCGEM1 sense construct transfected cells were significantly larger. No appreciable difference was observed in the number of colonies between anti-sense PCGEM1 constructs and vector controls. These promising results document a cell growth promoting/cell survival function(s) associated with PCGEM1.

The function of PCGEM1, however, does not appear to be due to protein expression. To assess this hypothesis, we used the TestCode program (GCG Wisconsin Package, Madison, Wis.), which identifies potential protein coding sequences of longer than 200 bases by measuring the non-randomness of the composition at every third base, independently from the reading frames. Analysis of the PCGEM1 cDNA sequence revealed that, at greater than 95% confidence level, the sequence does not contain any region with protein coding capacity (FIG. 16A). Similar results were obtained when various published non-coding RNA sequences were analyzed with the TestCode program (data not shown), while known protein coding regions of similar size i.e., alpha actin (FIG. 16B) can be detected with high fidelity. (In FIG. 16, evaluation of the coding capacity of the PCGEM1 (A) and the human alpha actin (B), is performed independently from the reading frame, by using the TestCode program. The number of base pairs is indicated on the X-axis, the TestCode values are shown on the Y-axis. Regions of longer than 200 base pairs above the upper line (at 9.5 value) are considered coding, under the lower line (at 7.3 value) are considered non-coding, at a confidence level greater than 95%.)

The Codon Preference program (GCG Wisconsin Package, Madison, Wis.), which locates protein coding regions in a reading frame specific manner further suggested the absence of protein coding capacity in the PCGEM1 gene. In vitro transcription/translation of PCGEM1 cDNA did not produce a detectable protein/peptide. Although we can not unequivocally rule out the possibility that PCGEM1 codes for a short unstable peptide, at this time both experimental and computational approaches strongly suggest that PCGEM1 cDNA does not have protein coding capacity. (It should be recognized that conclusions regarding the role of PCGEM1 are speculative in nature, and should not be considered limiting in any way.

The most intriguing aspect of PCGEM1 characterization has been its apparent lack of protein coding capacity. Although we have not completely ruled out the possibility that PCGEM1 codes for a short unstable peptide, careful sequencing of PCGEM1 cDNA and genomic clones, computational analysis of PCGEM1 sequence, and in vitro transcription/translation experiments (data not shown) strongly suggest a non-coding nature of PCGEM1. It is interesting to note that an emerging group of novel mRNA-like non-coding RNAs are being discovered whose function and mechanisms of action remain poorly understood (49). Such RNA molecules have also been termed as “RNA riboregulators” because of their function(s) in development, differentiation, DNA damage, heat shock responses and tumorigenesis (40-42, 50). In the context of tumorigenesis, the H19, His-1 and Bic genes code for functional non-coding mRNAs (50). In addition, a recently reported prostate cancer associated gene, DD3 also appears to exhibit a tissue specific non-coding mRNA (51). In this regard it is important to point out that PCGEM1 and DD3 may represent a new class of prostate specific genes. The recent discovery of a steroid receptor co-activator as an mRNA, lacking protein coding capacity further emphasizes the role of RNA riboregulators in critical biochemical function(s) (52). Our preliminary results showed that PCGEM1 expression in NIH3T3 cells caused a significant increase in the size of colonies in a colony forming assay and suggests that PCGEM1 cDNA confers cell proliferation and/or cell survival function(s). Elevated expression of PCGEM1 in prostate cancer cells may represent a gain in function favoring tumor cell proliferation/survival. On the basis of our first characterization of PCGEM1 gene, we propose that PCGEM1 belongs to a novel class of prostate tissue specific genes with potential functions in prostate cell biology and the tumorigenesis of the prostate gland.

In summary, utilizing surgical specimens and rapid differential display technology, we have identified candidate genes of interest with differential expression profile in prostate cancer specimens. In particular, we have identified a novel nucleotide sequence, PCGEM1, with no match in the publicly available DNA databases (except for the homology shown in the high throughput genome sequence database, discussed above). A PCGEM1 cDNA fragment detected a 1.7 kb mRNA on Northern blots with selective expression in prostate tissue. Furthermore, this gene was found to be up-regulated by the synthetic androgen, R1881. Careful analysis of microdissected matched tumor and normal tissues further revealed PCGEM1 over-expression in a significant percentage of prostate cancer specimens. Thus, we have provided a gene with broad implications for the diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of prostate cancer.

The specification is most thoroughly understood in light of the teachings of the references cited within the specification which are hereby incorporated by reference. The embodiments within the specification provide an illustration of embodiments of the invention and should not be construed to limit the scope of the invention. The skilled artisan readily recognizes that many other embodiments are encompassed by the invention.

REFERENCES

1. Parker S L, Tong T, Bolden S, and Wingo P A: Cancer statistics. CA Cancer J. Clin., 46:5-27, 1996.

2. Visakorpi T, Kallioniemi O P, Koivula T and Isola J: New prognostic factors in prostate carcinoma. Eur. Uro., 24:438-449, 1993.

3. Mostofi F K: Grading of prostate carcinoma. Cancer Chemothera Rep., 59:111, 1975.

4. Lu-Yao G L, McLerran D, Wasson J, Wennberg J E: An assessment of radical prostatectomy. Time trends, Geographical Variations and Outcomes. JAMA, 269:2633-2636, 1993.

5. Partin A W and Oesterling J E: The clinical usefulness of prostate-specific antigen: update 1994, J. Urol., 152:1358-1368, 1994.

6. Wasson J H, Cushman C C, Bruskewitz R C, Littenberg B, Mulley A G, and Wennberg J E: A structured literature review of treatment for localized CaP. Arch. Fam. Med., 2:487-493, 1993.

7. Weinberg R A: How cancer arises. Sci. Amer., 9, 62-70, 1996.

8. Bostwick D G: High grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia: The most likely precursor of prostate cancer. Cancer, 75:1823-1836, 1995.

9. Bostwick D G, Pacelli A, Lopez-Beltran A: Molecular Biology of Prostatic Intraepithelial Neoplasia. The Prostate, 29:117-134, 1996.

10. Pannek J, Partin A W: Prostate specific antigen: What's new in 1997. Oncology, 11:1273-1278, 1997.

11. Partin A W, Kattan M W, Subong E N, Walsh P C, Wojno K J, Oesterling J E, Scardino P T, Pearson J D: Combination of prostate specific antigen, clinical stage, and Gleason score to predict pathological stage of localized prostate cancer. A multi-institutional update. JAMA, 277:1445-1451, 1997.

12. Gomella L G, Raj G V, Moreno J G: Reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction for prostate specific antigen in management of prostate cancer. J. Urol., 158:326-337, 1997.

13. Gao C L, Dean R C, Pinto A, Mooneyhan R, Connelly R R, McLeod D G, Srivastava, S, Moul J W: Detection of PSA-expressing prostatic cells in bone marrow of radical prostatectomy patients by sensitive reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). 1998 International Symposium on Biology of Prostate growth, National Institutes of Health, p. 83, 1998.

14. Garnick M B, Fair W R: Prostate cancer. Sci. Amer., 75-83, 1998.

15. Moul J W, Gaddipati J, and Srivastava S: 1994. Molecular biology of CaP. Oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes. Current Clinical Oncology: CaP. (Eds. Dawson, N. A. and Vogelzang, N. J.), Wiley-Liss Publications, 19-46.

16. Lalani E-N, Laniado M E and Abel P D: Molecular and cellular biology of prostate cancer. Cancer and Mets. Rev. 16:29-66, 1997.

17. Shi X B, Gumerlock P H, deVere White R W: Molecular Biology of CaP World J. Urol; 14, 318-328, 1996.

18. Heidenberg H B, Bauer J J, McLeod D G, Moul J W and Srivastava S: The role of p53 tumor suppressor gene in CaP: a possible biomarker? Urology, 48:971-979, 1996.

19. Bova G S and Issacs W B: Review of allelic loss and gain in prostate cancer. World J. Urol., 14:338-346, 1996.

20. Issacs W B and Bova G S: Prostate Cancer: The Genetic Basis of Human Cancer. Eds. Vogelstein B, and Kinzier K W, McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., pp. 653-660, 1998.

21. Srivastava S and Moul J W: Molecular Progression of Prostate Cancer. Advances in Oncobiology. (In Press) 1998.

22. Sakr W A, Macoska J A, Benson P, Benson D J, Wolman S R, Pontes J E, and Crissman: Allelic loss in locally metastatic, multi-sampled prostate cancer. Cancer Res., 54:3273-3277, 1994.

23. Mirchandani D, Zheng J, Miller G L, Ghosh A K, Shibata D K, Cote R J and Roy-Burman P: Heterogeneity in intratumor distribution of p53 mutations in human prostate cancer. Am. J. Path. 147:92-101, 1995.

24. Bauer J J, Moul J W, and McLeod D G: CaP: Diagnosis, treatment, and experience at one tertiary medical center, 1989-1994. Military Medicine, 161:646-653,1996.

25. Bauer J J, Connelly R R, Sesterhenn I A, Bettencourt M C, McLeod D G, Srivastava S, Moul J W: Biostatistical modeling using traditional variables and genetic biomarkers predicting the risk of prostate cancer recurrence after radical prostatectomy. Cancer, 79:952-962, 1997.

26. Bauer J J, Connelly R R, Sesterhenn I A, DeAusen J D, McLeod D G, Srivastava S, Moul J W: Biostatistical modeling using traditional preoperative and pathological prognostic variables in the selection of men at high risk of disease recurrence after radical prostatectomy. J. Urol., 159(3):929-933, 1998

27. Sager R: Expression genetics in cancer: Shifting the focus from DNA to RNA. Proc Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 94:952-957, 1997

28. Strausberg R L, Dahl C A, and Klausner R D: New opportunities for uncovering the molecular basis of cancer. Nature Genetics, 15:415-16, 1997.

29. Liang, Peng, and Pardec A B: Differential display of eukaryotic messenger RNA by means of the polymerase chain reaction. Science 257:967-971, 1992.

30. Velculescu V E, Zhang L, Vogelstein B, and Kinzler K W: Serial analysis of gene expression. Science, 270:484-487, 1995.

31. Chena M, Shalon D S, Davis R W, and Brown P O: Quantitative monitoring of gene expression patterns with a complementary DNA microarrays. Science, 270:467-470, 1995.

32. Liu A Y, Corey E, Vessella R L, Lange P H, True L D, Huang G M, Nelson P S and Hood L: Identification of differentially expressed prostate genes: Increased expression of transcription factor ETS-2 in prostate cancer. The Prostate 30:145-153, 1997.

33. Chuaqui R F, Englert C R, Strup S E, Vocke C D, Zhuang Z, Duray P H, Bostwick D G, Linehan W M, Liotta L A and Emmert-Buck M R: Identification of a novel transcript up-regulated in a clinically aggressive prostate carcinoma. Urology, 50:302-307, 1997.

34. Thigpen A E, Cala K M, Guileyardo J M, Molberg K H, McConnell J D, and Russell D W: Increased expression of early growth response-1 messenger ribonucleic acid in prostate adenocarcinoma. J. Urol., 155:975-981, 1996.

35. Wang F L, Wang Y, Wong W K, Liu Y, Addivinola F J, Liang P, Chen L B, Kantoff P W and Pardee A B: Two differentially expressed genes in normal human prostate tissues and in carcinoma. Cancer Res., 56:3634-3637, 1996.

36. Schleicher R L, Hunter S B, Zhang M, Zheng M, Tan W, Bandea C I, Fallon M T, Bostwick D G, and Varma V A: Neurofilament heavy chain-like messenger RNA and protein are present in benign prostate and down regulated in prostate carcinoma. Cancer Res., 57:3532-3536, 1997.

37. O'Keefe, D S, S u, S L, Bacich D J, Horiguchi Y, Luo Y, Powell C T, Zandvliet D, Russell P J, Molloy P L, Nowak, N J, Shows, T B, Mullins, C, Vonder Haar R A, Fair W R, and Heston W D: Mapping, genomic organization and promoter analysis of the human prostate-specific membrane antigen gene. Biochim Biophys Acta, 1443(1-2):113-127, 1998.

38. Silver D A, Pellicer I, Fair W R, Heston, W D, and Cordon-Cardo C: Prostate-specific membrane antigen expression in normal and malignant human tissues. Clin Cancer Res, 3(1):81-85, 1997.

39. He W W, Sciavolino P J; Wing J, Augustus M, Hudson P, Meissner P S, Curtis R T, Shell B K, Bostwick D G, Tindall D J, Gelmann E P, Abate-Shen C, and Carter K C: A novel prostate-specific, androgen-regulated homeobox gene (NKX3.1) that maps to 8p21, a region frequently deleted in prostate cancer. Genomics 43(1):69-77, 1997.

40. Crespi M D, Jurkevitch E, Poiret M, d'Aubenton-Carafa Y, Petrovics G, Kondorosi E, and Kondorosi A: Enod 40, a gene expressed during nodule organogenesis, codes for a non-translatable RNA involved in plant growth. The EMBO J 13:5099-5112, 1994.

41. Velleca M A, Wallace M C and Merlie J P: A novel synapse-associated non-coding RNA. Mol. Cell Bio. 14:7095-7104, 1994.

42. Takeda K. Ichijoh, Fujii M, Mochida Y, Saitoh M, Nishitoh H, Sampath T K and Miyazonok: Identification of a novel bone morphogenetic protein responsive gene that may function as non-coding RNA. J. Biol. Chem. 273:17079-17085, 1998.

43. Van de Sande K, Pawlowski K, Czaja I, Wieneke U, et al: Modification of phytohormone response by a peptide encode by ENOD 40 of legumes and a non-legume. Science 273:370-373.

44. Hao Y, Crenshaw T, Moulton T, Newcomb E and Tycko B: Tumor suppressor activity of H19RNA. Nature. 365:764-767, 1993.

45. Neumaier M, Gerhard M, Wagener C: Diagnosis of micrometastases by the amplification of tissue specific genes. Gene. 159(1):43-47, 1995.

46. Gaddipati J, McLeod D, Sesterhenn I, Hussussian C, Tong Y, Seth P, Dracopoli N, Moul J and Srivastava S: Mutations of the p16 gene product are rare in prostate cancer. The Prostate. 30:188-194, 1997.

47. Davis L D, Sesterhenn I A, Moul J W and Srivastava S: Characterization of prostate cancer cells immortalized with E6/E7 genes. Int. Symp. On Biol. Of Prost. Growth Proceedings, National Institutes of Health., 77, 1998.

48. Wilkinson, D., & Green, J. (1990) in Post implantation Mammalian Embryos, eds. Copp, A. J. & Cokroft, D. L. (Oxford University Press, London), pp. 155-171.

49. Erdmann, V. A., Szymanski, M., Hochberg, A., de Groot, N., & Barciszewski, J. (1999) Nucleic Acids Research 27, 192-195.

50. Askew, D. S., & Xu, F. (1999) Histol Histopatho. 14,235-241.

51. Bussemakers, M. J. H., Van Bokhoven, A., Verhaegh, G. W., Smit, F. P., Karthaus, H. F., Schalken, J. A., Debruyne, F. M., Ru, N., & Isaacs, W. B. (1999) Cancer Res. 59, 5975-5979.

52. Lanz, R. B., McKenna, N. J., Onate, S. A., Albrecht, U., Wong, J., Tsai, S. Y., Tsai, M. J., & O'Mally, B. W. (1999) Cell 97, 17-27.

53. Srikantan V, Zou Z, Petrovics G, Xu L, Augustus M, Davis L, Livezey J R, Connell T, Sesterhenn I A, Yoshino K, Buzard G S, Mostofi F K, McLeod D G, Moul J W, and Srivastava S: PCGEM1: A Novel Prostate Specific Gene is Overexpressed in Prostate Cancer. Submitted to Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

22 1 1603 DNA Homo sapiens 1 aaggcactct ggcacccagt tttggaactg cagttttaaa agtcataaat tgaatgaaaa 60 tgatagcaaa ggtggaggtt tttaaagagc tatttatagg tccctggaca gcatcttttt 120 tcaattaggc agcaaccttt ttgccctatg ccgtaacctg tgtctgcaac ttcctctaat 180 tgggaaatag ttaagcagat tcatagagct gaatgataaa attgtactac gagatgcact 240 gggactcaac gtgaccttat caagtgagca ggcttggtgc atttgacact tcatgatatc 300 agccaaagtg gaactaaaaa cagctcctgg aagaggacta tgacatcatc aggttgggag 360 tctccaggga cagcggaccc tttggaaaag gactagaaag tgtgaaatct attagtcttc 420 gatatgaaat tctctgtctc tgtaaaagca tttcatattt acaagacaca ggcctactcc 480 tagggcagca aaaagtggca acaggcaagc agagggaaaa gagatcatga ggcatttcag 540 agtgcactgt cttttcatat atttctcaat gccgtatgtt tggttttatt ttggccaagc 600 ataacaatct gctcaagaaa aaaaaatctg gagaaaacaa aggtgccttt gccaatgtta 660 tgtttctttt tgacaagccc tgagatttct gaggggaatt cacataaatg ggatcaggtc 720 attcatttac gttgtgtgca aatatgattt aaagatacaa cctttgcaga gagcatgctt 780 tcctaagggt aggcacgtgg aggactaagg gtaaagcatt cttcaagatc agttaatcaa 840 gaaaggtgct ctttgcattc tgaaatgccc ttgttgcaaa tattggttat attgattaaa 900 tttacactta atggaaacaa cctttaactt acagatgaac aaacccacaa aagcaaaaaa 960 tcaaaagccc tacctatgat ttcatatttt ctgtgtaact ggattaaagg attcctgctt 1020 gcttttgggc ataaatgata atggaatatt tccaggtatt gtttaaaatg agggcccatc 1080 tacaaattct tagcaatact ttggataatt ctaaaattca gctggacatt gtctaattgt 1140 tttttatata catctttgct agaatttcaa attttaagta tgtgaattta gttaattagc 1200 tgtgctgatc aattcaaaaa cattactttc ctaaatttta gactatgaag gtcataaatt 1260 caacaaatat atctacacat acaattatag attgtttttc attataatgt cttcatctta 1320 acagaattgt ctttgtgatt gtttttagaa aactgagagt tttaattcat aattacttga 1380 tcaaaaaatt gtgggaacaa tccagcatta attgtatgtg attgttttta tgtacataag 1440 gagtcttaag cttggtgcct tgaagtcttt tgtacttagt cccatgttta aaattactac 1500 tttatatcta aagcatttat gtttttcaat tcaatttaca tgatgctaat tatggcaatt 1560 ataacaaata ttaaagattt cgaaatagaa aaaaaaaaaa aaa 1603 2 1579 DNA Homo sapiens 2 gcggccgcgt cgacgcaact tcctctaatt gggaaatagt taagcagatt catagagctg 60 aatgataaaa ttgtacttcg agatgcactg ggactcaacg tgaccttatc aagtgagatg 120 gagtcttgcc ctgtctccaa ggctggagcc caatggtgtg atcttggctc actgcaacct 180 ccacctccca ggttcaaacg tttctcctgc ctcagcctcc caagtaactg ggattacagc 240 aggcttggtg catttgacac ttcatgatat cagccaaagt ggaactaaaa acagctcctg 300 gaagaggact atgacatcat caggttggga gtctccaggg acagcggacc ctttggaaaa 360 ggactagaaa gtgtgaaatc tattagtctt cgatatgaaa ttctctgtct ccgtaaaagc 420 atttcatatt tacaagacac aggcctactc ctagggcagc aaaaagtggc aacaggcaag 480 cagagggaaa agagatcatg aggcatttca gagtgcactg tcttttcata tatttctcaa 540 tgccgtatgt ttggttttat tttggccaag cataacaatc tgctcaaaaa aaaaaaatct 600 ggagaaaaca aaggtgcctt tgccaatgtt atgtttcttt ttgacaagcc ctgagatttc 660 tgaggggaat tcacataaat gggatcaggt cattcattta cgttgtgtgc aaatatgatt 720 taaagataca acctttgcag agagcatgct ttcctaaggg taggcacgtg gaggactaag 780 ggtaaagcat tcttcaagat cagttaatca agaaaggtgc tctttgcatt ctgaaatgcc 840 cttgttgcaa atattggtta tattgattaa atttacactt aatggaaaca acctttaact 900 tacagatgaa caaaccccac aaaagcaaaa aatcaaaagc cctacctatg atttcatatt 960 ttctgtgtaa ctggattaaa ggattcctgc ttgcttttgg gcataaatga taatggaata 1020 tttccaggta ttgtttaaaa tgagggccca tctacaaatt cttagcaata ctttggataa 1080 ttctaaaatt cagctggaca ttgtctaatt gttttttata tacatctttg ctagaatttc 1140 aaattttaag tatgtgaatt tagttaatta gctgtgctga tcaattcaaa aacattactt 1200 tcctaaattt tagactatga aggtcataaa ttcaacaaat atatctacac atacaattat 1260 agattgtttt tcattataat gtcttcatct taacagaatt gtctttgtga ttgtttttag 1320 aaaactgaga gttttaattc ataattactt gatcaaaaaa ttgtgggaac aatccagcat 1380 taattgtatg tgattgtttt tatgtacata aggagtctta agcttggtgc cttgaagtct 1440 tttgtactta gtcccatgtt taaaattact actttatatc taaagcattt atgtttttca 1500 attcaattta catgatgcta attatggcaa ttataacaaa tattaaagat ttcgaaatag 1560 aaaaaaaaaa aaaaatcta 1579 3 1819 DNA Homo sapiens 3 tccctcttgc gttctgcaat ttctgaaaaa aagatgttta ttgcaaagtg atatgagcac 60 tggaaaggta ctaattccaa tttgattcta attggatgag tgacatgggt aagcgattct 120 aagcatttgt gtttttttta gtagtatgga atttaattag ttctcagtat gttagtgaag 180 atgaatgaaa acatgcatat gtttccatgt attataaata ttttaaaatg caaaaaatta 240 ttctaatgaa tatataaata taaagcataa caataataat acaataccac ccataaagtc 300 atcatctaat ttaaaaacta aaacattaac acttgaatct cccccattgc aacatctttc 360 ccgacttgtg tgtttttttc ttttgctttt aaaatttttg ttttatcata tgtctgcata 420 agattatata gctttccttg ttttaagctt tttaaataat atattgtagt tatattattt 480 gtgctttgct ttttttactt aacattatgg ttctaaaatt cagtaatgtg ttgggcatgt 540 ataatttgtt tatttttaat ctctttgaca ttcgactata taaatttcag tttgtttatt 600 gactcctttg tctatagata ctctgctatt tctgtttttg ctgttacaaa aataatgctg 660 ttttaaattt cattttgtat acttttttga ggcatgtgta tgagttattc taaggtaaaa 720 aaataagaaa aaattgctgg gttataagat tgtcacatgc tcgaatttac aagataatgc 780 caaatcattt ttcaaagtaa ttatacctat ttatactacc ggtatgagta tattggtgcc 840 cacatagttg cttgttctgc caaagtttgg tatgatcgaa caataatttt tgcccatcaa 900 atggcataaa ataaaatctc agtgtgcttt taatttgcat tttctatgtt taagaattgt 960 ttctttttta accatttata atttactttt gctgaaatgc ttgcttatta tttttgctcc 1020 ccattttttc ctattggatt gcttttctca ttaatttata agaattttat atggtttaga 1080 tactaattat tatattactg aaaatacctt tatcagtttg ttgtgtactt tctactttat 1140 gtcttgtgat ggataaaagt tttaaattgt attgtgttga agttaacatt tttaaatttt 1200 ataatcagca tctttaataa tctctttmta aaattttcct ttacatagat gtcataaaga 1260 tacatctcta taatttctta tttttttggc atatgttcat taagtcattt tatcattttt 1320 tagtaataaa ttgcagttat ttatgaaaca aataattttt aaaattatat atgctttctt 1380 taaaaattga tcttagcatg cttcactatg aagcttgagg cttcactgca cgttgtactg 1440 aaattatgta taaaacagtg gttctgaaaa tctctgagtt catgacacct ttagtgtctc 1500 aggttttttt gcttttgttc ttgttttttc tcacaaagca cctaagttaa ataaaaacaa 1560 agcacaaagc tatcagcttc atgtattaag tagtaagctc ccatgttaac agttgtaact 1620 tgcctggtgc ccaatagatg tcactctgtt ttcctagaaa ctttaaaata tccctcagtg 1680 ctcctgttaa ttcatggtag tgccccaagg cactctggca cccagttttg gaactgcagt 1740 tttaaaagtc ataaattgaa tgaaaatgat agcaaaggtg gaggttttta aagagctatt 1800 tataggtccc tggacagca 1819 4 1025 DNA Homo sapiens 4 ttttttcaat taggcagcaa cctttttgcc ctatgccgta acctgtgtct gcaacttcct 60 ctaattggga aatagttaag cagattcata gagctgaatg ataaaattgt actacgagat 120 gcactgggac tcaacgtgac cttatcaagt gagcaggctt ggtgcatttg acacttcatg 180 atatcatcca aagtggaact aaaaacagct cctggaagag gactatgaca tcatcaggtt 240 gggagtctcc agggacagcg gaccctttgg aaaaggacta gaaagtgtga aatctattag 300 tcttcgatat gaaattctct gtctctgtaa aagcatttca tatttacaag acacaggcct 360 actcctaggg cagcaaaaag tggcaacagg caagcagagg gaaaagagat catgaggcat 420 ttcagagtgc actgtctttt catatatttc tcaatgccgt atgtttggtt ttattttggc 480 caagcataac aatctgctca agaaaaaaaa atctggagaa aacaaaggtg cctttgccaa 540 tgttatgttt ctttttgaca agccctgaga tttctgaggg gaattcacat aaatgggatc 600 aggtcattca tttacgttgt gtgcaaatat gatttaaaga tacaaccttt gcagagagca 660 tgctttccta agggtaggca cgtggaggac taagggtaaa gcattcttca agatcagtta 720 atcaagaaag gtgctctttg cattctgaaa tgcccttgtt gcaaatattg gttatattga 780 ttaaatttac acttaatgga aacaaccttt aacttacaga tgaacaaacc cacaaaagca 840 aaaaatcaaa agccctacct atgatttcat attttctgtg taactggatt aaaggattcc 900 tgcttgcttt tgggcataaa tgataatgga atatttccag gtattgttta aaatgagggc 960 ccatctacaa attcttagca atactttgga taattctaaa attcagctgg acattgtcta 1020 attgt 1025 5 21 DNA Artificial Sequence Description of Artificial SequenceProbe/Primer 5 tgcctcagcc tcccaagtaa c 21 6 21 DNA Artificial Sequence Description of Artificial SequenceProbe/Primer 6 ggccaaaata aaaccaaaca t 21 7 19 DNA Artificial Sequence Description of Artificial SequenceProbe/Primer 7 tggcaacagg caagcagag 19 8 11801 DNA Homo sapiens unsure (7470) n may represent any of the four nucleotide bases 8 tccctcttgc gttctgcaat ttctgaaaaa aagatgttta ttgcaaagtg atatgagcac 60 tggaaaggta ctaattccaa tttgattcta attggatgag tgacatgggt aagcgattct 120 aagcatttgt gtttttttta gtagtatgga atttaattag ttctcagtat gttagtgaag 180 atgaatgaaa acatgcatat gtttccatgt attataaata ttttaaaatg caaaaaatta 240 ttctaatgaa tatataaata taaagcataa caataataat acaataccac ccataaagtc 300 atcatctaat ttaaaaacta aaacattaac acttgaatct cccccattgc aacatctttc 360 ccgacttgtg tgtttttttc ttttgctttt aaaatttttg ttttatcata tgtctgcata 420 agattatata gctttccttg ttttaagctt tttaaataat atattgtagt tatattattt 480 gtgctttgct ttttttactt aacattatgg ttctaaaatt cagtaatgtg ttgggcatgt 540 ataatttgtt tatttttaat ctctttgaca ttcgactata taaatttcag tttgtttatt 600 gactcctttg tctatagata ctctgctatt tctgtttttg ctgttacaaa aataatgctg 660 ttttaaattt cattttgtat acttttttga ggcatgtgta tgagttattc taaggtaaaa 720 aaataagaaa aaattgctgg gttataagat tgtcacatgc tcgaatttac aagataatgc 780 caaatcattt ttcaaagtaa ttatacctat ttatactacc ggtatgagta tattggtgcc 840 cacatagttg cttgttctgc caaagtttgg tatgatcgaa caataatttt tgcccatcaa 900 atggcataaa ataaaatctc agtgtgcttt taatttgcat tttctatgtt taagaattgt 960 ttctttttta accatttata atttactttt gctgaaatgc ttgcttatta tttttgctcc 1020 ccattttttc ctattggatt gcttttctca ttaatttata agaattttat atggtttaga 1080 tactaattat tatattactg aaaatacctt tatcagtttg ttgtgtactt tctactttat 1140 gtcttgtgat ggataaaagt tttaaattgt attgtgttga agttaacatt tttaaatttt 1200 ataatcagca tctttaataa tctctttata aaattttcct ttacatagat gtcataaaga 1260 tacatctcta taatttctta tttttttggc atatgttcat taagtcattt tatcattttt 1320 tagtaataaa ttgcagttat ttatgaaaca aataattttt aaaattatat atgctttctt 1380 taaaaattga tcttagcatg cttcactatg aagcttgagg cttcactgca cgttgtactg 1440 aaattatgta taaaacagtg gttctgaaaa tctctgagtt catgacacct ttagtgtctc 1500 aggttttttt gcttttgttc ttgttttttc tcacaaagca cctaagttaa ataaaaacaa 1560 agcacaaagc tatcagcttc atgtattaag tagtaagctc ccatgttaac agttgtaact 1620 tgcctggtgc ccaatagatg tcactctgtt ttcctagaaa ctttaaaata tccctcagtg 1680 ctcctgttaa ttcatggtag tgccccaagg cactctggca cccagttttg gaactgcagt 1740 tttaaaagtc ataaattgaa tgaaaatgat agcaaaggtg gaggttttta aagagctatt 1800 tataggtccc tggacagcat cttttttcaa ttaggcagca acctttttgc ctatgccgta 1860 actgtgtctg cacttcctct aattggggtg agtaagagat tttgttatgt atataatagc 1920 taagaatata gtaataatgg cttaaatcat ggttattttt aaactactaa catttagaag 1980 acaaaataaa aatgctttga aaagtataga ggttttagtg taattagcag ggaataatga 2040 aatgatttga tagggctact cagttttgta taactttggt gctttaagtc tgaatgcaga 2100 gcatggatgt tgtgatccag cctttatatg ttttccctga agaagattta atttatttgg 2160 ccttttgaga aacacatttg gcattgtaat atgttttgct tccaggttct atctccaagg 2220 ataatttgac aaaatcacac ataaatttat tttcagggca cacagtttcc cttttaggga 2280 actcacagag gtagagagta atacaataat cacatttgaa tattcagtaa gtgaggtcct 2340 catagatctt atgtgtatgt caccatgtat ataattttgt taatcactag atgtatgaga 2400 caagaaattt gaggaatctt aactagagat taaaatcagg gatttaaatc aaagaaacat 2460 ttaaatgcct cctttattat ttaaatacct gcatgggaga atcattgaaa aaaaaataaa 2520 aagcatacaa cttgggaata ttataaacca agaagaattt gttattctgg ttgatttttt 2580 tttcaggctc cgcacaggca acttaccttt atctctttgt gatttttatt tcttgttaaa 2640 atatacagaa atagttaagc agattcatag agctgaatat aaaatttact acgagatgca 2700 ctgggactca acgtgacctt atcaagtgac ttatcagtga ggtgagcatt cttaattcag 2760 ataatggaac ttattatcat aatcttttgc ttatgctatt gttgagctta actacttatt 2820 catatttgca tatgcatatt gagataatat catttcatta atttcagtac tgaacactaa 2880 tctcctaaga gtaattgtga aagtttcaga ttgcactatt tttaactata tatctgtatg 2940 ttatcttcat atatgcttga ataacttata agcaattgaa actttcaatt acagtatact 3000 attgaagcaa atcaactaat atatacacat atccattagc aatagtagat aatttttgta 3060 aatgtccagc acagttcttc atatgtagag gatgttcaaa ttggctaagt tccttttctc 3120 tcttaattat tagtattttt cctactgctc tttgtataat tattccttcc tctttagctc 3180 caatccttac aatctattct taacatagca actgggaaga aagtttttaa acataaacca 3240 gatgatgtca ctccacccca caaaacttcc actattctct gtcacacata gaaagaaaga 3300 aaaaaaatat tgaaaaccta caaagacttg ctatgatctg gtccaggctc tccctaaaat 3360 ttcatgtaat ttccagccac taggcctttc tggctctcct tcaatctcat tagccttttc 3420 actactacaa gttagactgg gttttggccg aggtatttct ttttttcata ttttgccttt 3480 gcctagattg ctcttccaat agatattcac aattgcatca tcatttctat atacgtgcta 3540 aaaggtttcc ttgtccaaaa tagcttcagt gaccacctga tctagaatag tctcgatcaa 3600 aagtttcttt tccttttcct caccacttga tatttatatc aaacatttat ttgtgtaatt 3660 tatgtgtttg tttgttttct gtactagcat tatgatgacc atactatttg atgcccccca 3720 aaaaatactt tcgagaatga cagggcaaag ctaaaataat taaattatat aattttgaca 3780 taggcactat tgacaaaaag caattgatgt tatgatagtg ttagatctat gaaatagtac 3840 tatttaaaag taattctctg aaatacaatt ttctaaaact aaaagcagca tatgtacatg 3900 aaacaccaaa aaacttcctt atatttatca ctggaagatt taaaatagta taagtagtaa 3960 cttatttaat atatttttga ttatttaatt aattttatag tatccaactc taatataatg 4020 ccagtggtat ttgttcaaaa tattttaatg ttgtctattt atttttaatt tgcctaaaaa 4080 ttatcttaaa tgaaaatttt tggttaataa atttgaaaat actgaaaccc tcatctccag 4140 tctctgtgga tcctaaagtt tttagttgag aaaataattt ttctctagag aatgaagtag 4200 cttgtaagct tggagaaatt tctgctaaat aaatgatatt atcaactctt attttcttca 4260 atacgaaata tataaatatt tcagctcata tatttttgca ggtgctatgc ttttgcttcc 4320 aatcataatt tctgacaaat attttggaag tcaaaacttg tcttctattt tgttatttaa 4380 aattatatag actacttttg taaaccttta tactatcaaa tcataggcaa tttcagtttg 4440 atttcattct ggtgcagaat ataagtttat ccaagtaaaa caggagtcac ttcaaaagat 4500 tcctcccact gactgagata ttccaaagcc aactttgcaa aatttcagaa ttaaatatta 4560 tacttctttg taccttcatt ttatttgttc aatttttctt tgtgtttgta gaaaatttta 4620 atatttttct gttttcaagt tttgatttta atttactact ttataatttt taaaggtaag 4680 ttttgtgagg ctatattcat tatgtgtttt gaataaagac atacaattaa ttttgagaac 4740 tgcaataaaa attataagac tattaaaaat gcagtaagtg tactacactt aggctgctaa 4800 aaatgcagta ccagtagact acatttaggc tgcttaaagt tagttcttct aagtaccata 4860 tactttaaaa ttttagctaa tgatggagaa caaagacaga aagactgtgt taccatattc 4920 tagttggcca ttttgttttg ttttgagaga cgtcacatca gccttatcat aaaaattatt 4980 tggttttacc attttgactg tgagcaaaat atacagcata atatacaaaa taaaatatat 5040 gtacatcttc acaacttctt gtttaggatg caattatata tatatatata tatatattta 5100 ttattatact ttaagttcta gggtacatgg caccacgtgc aggttgttac atatgtatac 5160 atgtgccatg ttggtgtgct gcacccatta actcgtcatt tacattaggt gtatctccta 5220 atgctatccc tcccctctct ccccacccca caacaagccc cggtgtgtga tgttcccctt 5280 cctgtgtcca tgtgttctca ttgttcaatt cccacctatg agtgagaaca cgcagtgttt 5340 gcttttttgt ccttgcaata gtttgctgag aatgatggtt tccagcttca tccatgtccc 5400 tacaaaggac atgaactcat cattttttat ggctgcatag tattccatgg tgtatatgtg 5460 ccaccatttt cttaatccga gtctgtccat tgttgttgga catttgggtt gcaattttga 5520 gtttcatgtg tagcatgtat agcacaacca attaagattt ctttctttct ctcttttttt 5580 tttttttttg ttgaaatgga gtcttgcctg tctccaaggc tggagcccaa tggtgtgatc 5640 ttggcttact gcaacctcca cctcccgggt tcaagcgatt ctcctgcctc agccatccga 5700 gtagctggga ctataggcgt gcaccaccat gcccagctaa tttttgtatt tttagtacag 5760 acggggtttc accacggtgg ccaggatggt ctcaatttct tgacctcatg attcacccgc 5820 cttggcctcc caaagtgctg ggattacagg tgtgaaccac caagcccggc ctgtcacaag 5880 tttttagtgt tctattttaa tacagaaatt agataaatcc aaagagaaag acatttcata 5940 tgtgcgtaga gttgtcggaa gaaatgagag tcttataaat aactttaaaa attgtgaaga 6000 aataaaggca aaatagtcct atgcagtttg atttaaatat attcttaata agagctactt 6060 ttgtgaaaac cagaatattg aaacatgtag atatggatct tcattagtga ctgacataat 6120 atattgttat tgttactatt ttattgtatc agccaactaa tattgagtgc tttgtgtatc 6180 ctaagcacta tgctaaacac tgtaccagta ttacctgata taatcatatt aatatttatt 6240 atttcacttt tcatatgaaa aaattgaagc acagattaag acactccgaa atcatacctc 6300 tattgattat cagcaccagg atttgaattg aggcactctg atccagagaa gcttttgttt 6360 ccatgaaggc ttatgttggg gaaaaataat caaattgcct gtacctcagt tgtataaata 6420 agaggttggg ttggtagatg attctggctg attcagcaga aaagaaattt attcaaagga 6480 tatcacacag ttttcataac agttaagaat acagaggaaa cagggcacca gggctaagta 6540 cagaccaaag tccaaaacca ctgccaaagt tgcagcaagg agaacagcac aaatttgctt 6600 gctgtcaccc gccactagat gcttttgttt ggagccttga acttgactta cactgccact 6660 gacatcagca ccagtgctct ctgtgtacta ggaggtggag ttggtgacgt tgctgaactc 6720 aaagcagatg tttctgctgt gaaatagata cctaatacag aacctgcttc ctcattcatt 6780 ccctccccaa atcatatgct tgtagtgtgg ctagagtttc tgtttctcct tggtccaggc 6840 agaatttatg aagcttgcta tttatcgcct taaagattag aagaatattc ataaggtatt 6900 agattgccat aaggttgaac aaatcaacat tcaacttcaa ggattcaaca ttgttttgtt 6960 ttcttttggg atacctctgc agcagttcaa atcttatttc tgcccttgga caaccaggtt 7020 tataaatatt gcagattctc cactgactgc tttgatccta tcttctatat ttatgtatac 7080 taattagcat ataataaaag attatgttac agaatctcaa aattagtaat tatgaattga 7140 gatggtgtta tacagtacac taacatccaa gagacttgtt tattccaagg aaaatattta 7200 gagatattaa atgatatttc tcatccttta gacatataca ttttttagct tacagcctgc 7260 tttaggcaag caacagactc tcaggatctg ctcctaccag ggtctgaaca tttcctccca 7320 gttttaaaga aacaaattca aataacattg taacctccag aggaaagttc aagctctttt 7380 atagtattgt ttaaacagta cagctgagga aactaaagac agagaagtta aatgccttgg 7440 cacttagtct agatttacaa taaactcctn tctacttagg acccactaac aggggctgca 7500 tttacaccaa aaccatgaag gtggcccaag tcatcactga gaagtagtac aagcaccgag 7560 ggaatgactt caacaggaac aagaaagcgt ggaaggagat cctagcagga agctccacaa 7620 gaagatagca tgttacgtct tgcattggat gaagcaggtt cagagagacc tagtgacagc 7680 tatctccgtc aaggtgcaga aggagagatc attgaatgta gcattttcat gcaaaaaaaa 7740 aaatgttgaa gtctttggac ttcgggagtc tgtccaaact gcaggtcact cagcctacag 7800 ttgggatgaa tttcaaaaca ccagttggag ccggttgaat ctttctgcta tgctgtaata 7860 ttttcagtaa acccagcgca acaacaacaa caaaacacaa aaggaggaga agcagccaag 7920 tctcttggtt tacagagtag ctcctaatac cccttgctgt ctgtctcaag tgcccaatgg 7980 gaagatagtc aaaacaatat tcacacctgt gattcatctc tctacatgca gtgtgtgtga 8040 atctttatat actgcatatt aaggatctgt ctttacagat aaaaactaaa gcattgaagg 8100 aactccttgt tttgacttat caaagtcctt aagaaaatac tagaaaatta tagccattgt 8160 ttcaaatttt agctttatat tatcacttga aatgtgatga aatgtggctg atagataata 8220 attcactgat aacctacaga caattcccat cttaaaatgg accattggat tgaagaatta 8280 aataaaattg agggttttcc ttacatgttt tgtctaaaga gcgaagtaga aacaactgtt 8340 catagatctt cattgaggat tcgcatgtga agtaagtact cctaacataa acaagtggac 8400 ttatcaacca agttccataa atcatgaaca aaaatatttg tccccagaga gactattttt 8460 ccaccacatc tcttgtaata aacacagagc ccagttcagt taaaatagtt taagggtgga 8520 cggttcaggg cctgctgagt ggcactcagt aagaaaaccc agcagaacat ttacttctct 8580 ctttattcca gagcatcaat ggccaaggct ggaagatccc agaacactga acagacattt 8640 ggtctcttat ggcctgccaa ttttcacagt gggttccaac gctttgggtc aaaccaaaat 8700 agacctgtta gaaaaatgtc ggttggaata cgctaacaat aagacagaat aaatgtgatt 8760 atttcacctc atttttatag gacttgagta attttattat aacattcttg agggctggaa 8820 aatctgaatg ttaggacacc aaatatctcc agaaaacaag ttttatattt ctaatcctgc 8880 ataataaacc tggggccact gcaggcctca ttaataaaaa cctaatggta taacaataat 8940 gaggaggaaa tgccaatgcc gcacaaatct gttgagacta aaatatttct caccccagca 9000 ggcttggtgc atttgacact tcatgatatc agccaaagtg gaactaaaaa cagctcctgg 9060 aagaggacta tgacatcatc aggttgggag tctccaggga cagcggaccc tttggaaaag 9120 gactagaaag tgtgaaatct attagtcttc gatatgaaat tctctgtctc tgtcaaaagc 9180 atttcatatt tacaagacac aggcctactc ctagggcagc aaaaagtggc aacaggcaag 9240 cagagggaaa agagatcatg aggcatttca gagtgcactg tcttttcata tatttctcaa 9300 tgccgtatgt ttggttttat tttggccaag cataacaatc tgctcaagaa aaaaaaatct 9360 ggagaaaaca aaggtgcctt tgccaatgtt atgtttcttt ttgacaagcc ctgagatttc 9420 tgaggggaat tcacataaat gggatcaggt cattcattta cgttgtgtgc aaatatgatt 9480 taaagataca acctttgcag agagcatgct ttcctaaggg taggcacgtg gaggactaag 9540 ggtaaagcat tcttcaagaa tcagttaatc aaagaaaggt gctctttgca ttctgaaatg 9600 cccttgttgc aaatattggt tatattgatt aaatttacac ttaatggaaa caacctttaa 9660 cttacagatg aacaaaccca caaaagcaaa aaatcaaaag ccctacctat gatttcatat 9720 tttctgtgta actggattaa aggattcctg cttgcttttg ggcataaatg ataatggaat 9780 atttccaggt attgtttaaa atgagggccc atctacaaat tcttagcaat actttggata 9840 attctaaaat tcagctggac attgtctaat tgttttttat atacatcttt gctagaattt 9900 caaattttaa gtatgtgaat ttagttaatt agctgtgctg atcaattcaa aaacattact 9960 ttcctaaatt ttagactatg aaggtcataa attcaacaaa tatatctaca catacaatta 10020 tagattgttt ttcattataa tgtcttcatc ttaacagaat tgtctttgtg attgttttta 10080 gaaaactgag agttttaatt cataattacg ttgatcaaaa aattgtggga acaatccagc 10140 attaattgta tgtgattgtt tttatgtaca taaggagtct taagcttggt gccttgaagt 10200 cttttgtact tagtcccatg tttaaaatta ctactttata tctaaagcat ttatgttttt 10260 caattcaatt tacatgatgc taattatggc aattataaca aatattaaag atttcgaaat 10320 agaatatgtg aattgttcac catacataga aatgaaaagt tcatttcgta aagcaagatg 10380 ctgggtgaaa gagtgctttt gattgaaaga tcactagatt agtagagggc aagactttta 10440 gtccctaatc tacccttaat agccatgtgg tcacgtgtaa gtcagtgaac ccatctcatt 10500 ctcctcatac ttttttcatc tctaaaatga gggtataatt taagctcgtt catttttttt 10560 tttttttgag atagagtttt gctcttgtca cccaggttgg agtgcaatgg cacgatctca 10620 gctcactgca accctctgct tcctcggttc aagtgattct ccctgcttca gcctcccaag 10680 tgagcccggg attacaggtg cccgccacca catctgggcc tagatttttt gtattttcac 10740 catgttggcc aggctggtct cgaaccccta cctcaggtga tccctcgcct cggcctctca 10800 aagtgctggg attacaggtg tgagccacca cgcccagccc aatatcagtt tttctttttt 10860 aacacaaggc taacacaatc aaaatactag ctaggggaga aaaaaaaaat aaggcactgt 10920 ttatgtgtaa caggctcttg ttgcaatcca ctggggcaga ccaaataaac agtaagaatc 10980 aaatcctttt catataatcc tttctttgca gaatacataa aatccccaca aatggcttat 11040 cttccttttt atgatatgtt ggagaattgt agctaagtga cagatatttt gcttgggtgt 11100 atagaccaca aaggactgtg tcttgatgat ggtttgcata aaattatacc ttagttttta 11160 ctttgtatgt tacatgttag atttagagta tgaaaattag tagggaggat tattaacaaa 11220 gaacagggca agaggagtag aattaaacct cttctaatac ctgtgcacaa gtaggctttt 11280 cagaaactct acaaccccaa cataaactgg atagttagaa aagcacactc ccaaggaagg 11340 cggttatgtt ttgcagtttg aatcagaaga atagagctat agcaatcttc attctatagt 11400 aacattaaag agcctggttt atattatagc agtcattaag atttaaaaat ttacatcttg 11460 ccgttcttct tactcacaga ttttcgagag gtaatgtaat gatcacacga ggtgagaatc 11520 actgcctttt ataatgcgat taaatgcatg aacaaagttt ccaacaaata acagtaataa 11580 aaagaaacat gtattagcac ttaataagcc aggtgctgta cgacgtgtgt tacatgcttt 11640 caatccatga actggtaaac tggtactagt atctctattg gacatgtgag gaaaccaaat 11700 ggagttgata aacagtagag ttaaaaatta ctcttcatat attatattgc ctcaatctca 11760 cagacatctc tgctaccaaa agctatcata tctagactcg a 11801 9 19 DNA Artificial Sequence Description of Artificial SequenceProbe/Primer 9 tggcaacagg caagcagag 19 10 21 DNA Artificial Sequence Description of Artificial SequenceProbe/Primer 10 ggccaaaata aaaccaaaca t 21 11 24 DNA Artificial Sequence Description of Artificial SequenceProbe/Primer 11 gcaaatatga tttaaagata caac 24 12 25 DNA Artificial Sequence Description of Artificial SequenceProbe/Primer 12 ggttgtatct ttaaatcata tttgc 25 13 27 DNA Artificial Sequence Description of Artificial SequenceProbe/Primer 13 actgtctttt catatatttc tcaatgc 27 14 24 DNA Artificial Sequence Description of Artificial SequenceProbe/Primer 14 aagtagtaat tttaaacatg ggac 24 15 21 DNA Artificial Sequence Description of Artificial SequenceProbe/Primer 15 tttttcaatt aggcagcaac c 21 16 25 DNA Artificial Sequence Description of Artificial SequenceProbe/Primer 16 gaattgtctt tgtgattgtt tttag 25 17 26 DNA Artificial Sequence Description of Artificial SequenceProbe/Primer 17 caattcacaa agacaattca gttaag 26 18 23 DNA Artificial Sequence Description of Artificial SequenceProbe/Primer 18 acaattagac aatgtccagc tga 23 19 24 DNA Artificial Sequence Description of Artificial SequenceProbe/Primer 19 ctttggctga tatcatgaag tgtc 24 20 23 DNA Artificial Sequence Description of Artificial SequenceProbe/Primer 20 aaccttttgc cctatgccgt aac 23 21 22 DNA Artificial Sequence Description of Artificial SequenceProbe/Primer 21 gagactccca acctgatgat gt 22 22 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Description of Artificial SequenceProbe/Primer 22 ggtcacgttg agtcccagtg 20 

We claim:
 1. An isolated nucleic acid molecule selected from: (a) the polynucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:1; (b) an isolated nucleic acid molecule that hybridizes to either strand of a denatured, double-stranded DNA comprising the nucleic acid sequence of (a) under hybridizing conditions comprising 50% formamide and 6×SSC at 42° C. with washing conditions comprising 0.5×SSC and 0.1% SDS at 60° C., wherein messenger RNA expression of the nucleic acid molecule in NIH 3T3 cells results in about a two-fold increase in the number of colonies of NIH 3T3 cells formed in a colony-forming assay; and (c) an isolated nucleic acid molecule that hybridizes to either strand of a denatured, double-stranded DNA comprising the nucleic acid sequence of (a) under hybridizing conditions comprising 50% formamide and 6×SSC, with washing conditions comprising 0.2×SSC and 0.1% SDS at 68° C., wherein messenger RNA expression of the nucleic acid molecule in NIH 3T3 cells results in about a two-fold increase in the number of colonies of NIH 3T3 cells formed in a colony-forming assay.
 2. The isolated nucleic acid molecule according to claim 1, wherein the polynucleotide sequence comprises SEQ ID NO:1.
 3. The isolated nucleic acid molecule according to claim 1, wherein the nucleic acid molecule hybridizes to either strand of a denatured, double-stranded DNA comprising the nucleic acid sequence of (a) under hybridizing conditions comprising 50% formamide and 6×SSC, with washing conditions comprising 0.2×SSC and 0.1% SDS at 68° C., wherein the messenger RNA expression of the nucleic acid molecule in NIH 3T3 cells results in about a two-fold increase in the number of colonies of NIH 3T3 cells formed in a colony-forming assay.
 4. A recombinant vector that directs the expression of the nucleic acid molecule of claim
 1. 5. An isolated host cell transfected or transduced with the vector of claim
 4. 6. The host cell of claim 5 selected from bacterial cells, yeast cells, and animal cells.
 7. An isolated nucleic acid molecule comprising the polynucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:
 3. 8. A vector, comprising a PCGEM1 promoter sequence operatively linked to a nucleotide sequence encoding a cytotoxic protein, wherein the PCGEM1 promoter sequence is a nucleic acid molecule comprising the polynucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:3. 